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Related Concept Videos

Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer is an enzyme that can...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Cellular Adaptation II: Hypertrophy01:26

Cellular Adaptation II: Hypertrophy

Hypertrophy is the increase in the size of individual cells, resulting in the enlargement of a tissue or organ. Unlike hyperplasia, which involves an increase in cell number, hypertrophy is characterized by an increase in cell volume. This process often occurs in response to higher functional demand or hormonal stimulation, leading to the production of more structural proteins and organelles, thereby enhancing the cells' work capacity.There are two primary types of hypertrophy: physiological...
Exercise and Muscle Performance01:27

Exercise and Muscle Performance

Exercise induces a range of adaptations in muscle tissue, depending on the type and duration of activity. Such physical training can be broadly categorized into two types: endurance exercises and resistance exercises.
Endurance exercises
Endurance exercises involve running, swimming, or cycling, which require repetitive movements with low force output. When a person engages in endurance exercise, a few noticeable changes occur in their skeletal muscles. For instance, the number of capillaries...

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Related Experiment Video

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Unveiling Histone Proteoforms using 2D-TAU Gel Electrophoresis
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Unveiling Histone Proteoforms using 2D-TAU Gel Electrophoresis

Published on: October 18, 2024

Histone modifications and exercise adaptations.

Sean L McGee1, Mark Hargreaves

  • 1Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Australia. sean.mcgee@deakin.edu.au

Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)
|October 30, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Skeletal muscle adaptations to exercise involve histone modifications, particularly histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity. Exercise triggers HDAC nuclear export, influencing gene expression and muscle plasticity.

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Complete Workflow for Analysis of Histone Post-translational Modifications Using Bottom-up Mass Spectrometry: From Histone Extraction to Data Analysis
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Complete Workflow for Analysis of Histone Post-translational Modifications Using Bottom-up Mass Spectrometry: From Histone Extraction to Data Analysis
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Exercise Physiology

Background:

  • Chromatin structure, involving genomic DNA and histone proteins, regulates gene expression via histone post-translational modifications.
  • Histone acetylation, particularly on H3, generally correlates with transcriptional activation and is controlled by histone acetyl transferase (HAT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity.
  • Class II HDACs (4, 5, 7, 9) are crucial for skeletal muscle development and adaptation, including exercise responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of histone modifications, specifically HDACs, in skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise.
  • To understand how exercise influences the activity and localization of HDACs in skeletal muscle.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms linking exercise, histone modification, and gene expression changes in skeletal muscle.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of histone modifications and their impact on gene expression in skeletal muscle.
  • Investigating the activity and subcellular localization of HDACs in response to exercise stimuli.
  • Examining the role of kinases like CaMKII and AMPK in regulating HDACs during exercise.

Main Results:

  • Exercise induces phosphorylation and subsequent nuclear export of HDACs 4 and 5 in skeletal muscle.
  • Kinases activated during exercise (CaMKII, AMPK) mediate HDAC phosphorylation in response to calcium and energy status changes.
  • These events are associated with increased GLUT4 expression in human skeletal muscle.

Conclusions:

  • Exercise-induced changes in histone acetylation, mediated by HDAC regulation, are key to skeletal muscle adaptation.
  • Understanding the "histone code" in response to exercise enhances knowledge of skeletal muscle gene regulation.
  • Skeletal muscle plasticity, influenced by these epigenetic mechanisms, is vital for maintaining health and managing disease.