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Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Evaluation of Left Ventricular Structure and Function using 3D Echocardiography
Published on: October 28, 2020
[Transthoracic real-time three-dimensional echocardiography: clinical role, value and limitations in assessing heart
Eustachio Agricola1, Luigi P Badano, Donato Mele
1Divisione di Cardiologia Diagnostica Non Invasiva, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare Ospedale San Raffaele, IRCCS, Via Olgettina, 60 20132 Milano. agricola.eustachio@hsr.it
Abstract:
The introduction of three-dimensional echocardiography and its evolution from time-consuming and cumbersome off-line reconstruction to real-time volumetric technique (real-time three-dimensional echocardiography) are one of the most significant advances in ultrasound imaging of the heart of the past decade. This imaging modality currently provides realistic views of cardiac valves capable of demonstrating the anatomy of various heart valve diseases in a unique, noninvasive manner. In addition, real-time three-dimensional echocardiography offers completely new views of the valves and surrounding structures, and allows accurate quantification of severity of valve disease. This article reviews the advantages of real-time three-dimensional echocardiography in assessing heart valves and shows also technological limitations in order to provide the scientific basis for its clinical use.
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