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Related Concept Videos

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:26

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
There are three main types of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy  (ICP-AES) instruments: sequential, simultaneous multichannel, and Fourier transform instruments, with the latter being less commonly used.
IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) comprises several components: a radiation source, an atomizer, a monochromator, and a detector. The radiation source can be a hollow-cathode lamp (HCL) or an electrodeless-discharge lamp (EDL), both of which provide a narrow emission line of the required wavelength. However, some instruments use continuum sources and high-resolution monochromators to achieve a narrow range of radiation.
The atomizer used in AAS can be either a flame atomizer or an...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Interference01:25

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Interference

Interference leads to systematic error in atomic absorption (AA) measurements by enhancing or diminishing the analytical signal or the background. These interferences can be grouped into three main categories: spectral interference, chemical interference, and physical interference.
Spectral interference occurs when signals from other elements or molecules overlap with the analyte signal, falsely elevating or masking the analyte's absorbance. This interference can be corrected using Zeeman,...
Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP–MS): Overview01:19

Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP–MS): Overview

In inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS), an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) torch is used as an atomizer and ionizer. Solid samples are dissolved and volatilized before being introduced into the high-temperature argon plasma, while solution samples are nebulized and passed through the high-temperature argon plasma. Plasma dissociates the analytes and ionizes their component atoms to form a mixture of positive ions and molecular species. The positive ions are then passed on to...

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Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown
09:40

Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown

Published on: February 14, 2014

Active spectroscopic measurements using the ITER diagnostic system.

D M Thomas1, G Counsell, D Johnson

  • 1ITER Organization, 13067 St. Paul-lez-Durance Cedex, France. dan.thomas@iter.org

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|November 2, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Active spectroscopic measurements will provide key data for ITER fusion plasmas, including helium ash profiles. These diagnostics are crucial for understanding long-duration fusion burn and optimizing plasma performance.

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Fusion Science
  • Plasma Physics
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • ITER is a large-scale fusion experiment under construction in Cadarache, France.
  • Understanding plasma behavior is critical for achieving sustained fusion energy.
  • Long timescale (approx. 1 hour) fusion burn plasmas present unique diagnostic challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detail active (beam-based) spectroscopic measurements for ITER.
  • To determine crucial plasma parameters like ion temperatures, densities, and velocity profiles.
  • To study the profile of thermalized helium ash from fusion alphas in long-duration plasmas.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing 1 MeV heating neutral beams for plasma interaction.
  • Employing a dedicated 100 keV hydrogen diagnostic neutral beam.
  • Designing and building a suite of separate spectroscopic instruments.

Main Results:

  • Planned measurements will provide impurity ion temperatures and absolute densities.
  • Velocity profiles and plasma current density profiles will be determined.
  • The distribution of helium ash will be studied.

Conclusions:

  • Active spectroscopy is essential for ITER's operational success and physics research.
  • The diagnostic ensemble aims to maximize physics information extraction.
  • Addressing specific physics and engineering challenges is key for successful implementation.