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Related Concept Videos

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:26

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
There are three main types of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy  (ICP-AES) instruments: sequential, simultaneous multichannel, and Fourier transform instruments, with the latter being less commonly used.
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
Gas Chromatography: Types of Detectors-II01:19

Gas Chromatography: Types of Detectors-II

In gas chromatography, different detectors are employed to meet specific analytical needs. These detectors are often categorized based on their detection mechanisms and the types of compounds they are best suited to analyze. Thermal Conductivity Detectors (TCD), Flame Ionization Detectors (FID), and Electron Capture Detectors (ECD) represent common categories, each with unique operating principles and applications. However, beyond these, several other detectors are designed for more specialized...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) comprises several components: a radiation source, an atomizer, a monochromator, and a detector. The radiation source can be a hollow-cathode lamp (HCL) or an electrodeless-discharge lamp (EDL), both of which provide a narrow emission line of the required wavelength. However, some instruments use continuum sources and high-resolution monochromators to achieve a narrow range of radiation.
The atomizer used in AAS can be either a flame atomizer or an...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab01:29

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab

AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview

Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is an analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of a sample by analyzing the light emitted from excited atoms. In AES, atoms in a sample are excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from high-temperature sources, such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When these excited atoms return to lower energy states, they emit light at specific wavelengths characteristic of each element. The resulting atomic emission spectrum, which consists of...

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Avalanche photodiode based detector for beam emission spectroscopy.

D Dunai1, S Zoletnik, J Sárközi

  • 1KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, EURATOM Association, P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|November 2, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new avalanche photodiode (APD) detector offers superior performance for fusion plasma spectroscopy. This solid-state device provides higher quantum efficiency and internal gain, outperforming traditional detectors in specific photon flux ranges.

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Area of Science:

  • Plasma Physics
  • Spectroscopy
  • Detector Technology

Background:

  • Fusion energy research requires advanced diagnostic tools for plasma analysis.
  • Existing detectors like photomultiplier tubes and photodiodes have limitations in sensitivity and operational requirements for beam emission spectroscopy (BES).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and characterize a novel avalanche photodiode (APD) detector for visible wavelength range applications.
  • To optimize detector performance for low light level, high frequency BES experiments in fusion plasmas.
  • To model and understand the noise characteristics of the APD detector's electronic circuit.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a solid-state APD detector with internal gain and high quantum efficiency.
  • Detailed noise modeling of the associated electronic circuitry.
  • Determination of optimal amplifier and APD reverse voltage settings for maximizing signal-to-noise ratio.
  • Absolute calibration of the implemented circuit and comparison with theoretical calculations.

Main Results:

  • The developed APD detector demonstrates superior performance compared to photomultiplier tubes and photodiodes within a specific photon flux range (approximately 10^8-10^10 photons/s) relevant for BES.
  • The detector operates without the need for cryogenic cooling.
  • Optimal operating parameters were determined based on noise analysis and calibration.

Conclusions:

  • The novel APD detector is a highly effective solution for low light level, high frequency BES in fusion plasmas.
  • The understanding of noise sources and amplification allows for tailored optimization for specific experimental conditions.
  • Successfully implemented and tested in tokamak environments like MAST and TEXTOR.