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Related Concept Videos

Phosphoinositides and PIPs01:42

Phosphoinositides and PIPs

Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
Different phosphoinositides are synthesized and recruited on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. The localization of specific phosphoinositides concentrated in separate membrane...
IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and produces two-second...
Phosphodiester Linkages01:01

Phosphodiester Linkages

Overview
Phosphodiester bond forms when a phosphoric acid molecule (H3PO4) links with two hydroxyl groups (–OH) of two other molecules, forming two ester bonds. Two water molecules are released in this process. The phosphodiester bond is commonly found in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and plays a critical role in their structure and function.
Phosphodiester Bonds Link Nucleotides Together
DNA and RNA are polynucleotides or long chains of nucleotides that are linked together. A nucleotide is...
What are Second Messengers?01:12

What are Second Messengers?

Because many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic, they do not cross the cell membrane and thus their message must be relayed to a second messenger on the inside. There are several second messenger pathways, each with their own way of relaying information. G-protein coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol path is active when the receptor induces phospholipase C to hydrolyze the phospholipid,...
Protein Kinases and Phosphatases02:54

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

Proteins undergo chemical modifications that trigger changes in the charge, structure, and conformation of the proteins. Phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, nitrosylation, ubiquitination, lipidation, methylation, and proteolysis are various protein modifications that regulate protein activity. Such modifications are usually enzyme-driven.
Protein kinases
Many proteins in the cell are regulated by phosphorylation, the addition of a phosphate group. A family of enzymes called kinases...
Mechanism of Filopodia Formation01:39

Mechanism of Filopodia Formation

Filopodia are thin, actin-rich cellular protrusions that play an important role in many fundamental cellular functions. They vary in their occurrence, length, and positioning in different cell types, suggesting their diverse roles.
Their main function is to guide migrating cells during normal tissue morphogenesis or cancer metastasis by recognizing and making initial contacts with the extracellular matrix. However, they can also act as stationary cell anchors or help to establish communication...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Absolute Quantitation of Inositol Pyrophosphates by Capillary Electrophoresis Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry
09:22

Absolute Quantitation of Inositol Pyrophosphates by Capillary Electrophoresis Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Published on: August 13, 2021

Diphosphoinositol polyphosphates: what are the mechanisms?

Stephen B Shears1, Nikhil A Gokhale, Huanchen Wang

  • 1Inositol Signaling Group, Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA. Shears@niehs.nih.gov

Advances in Enzyme Regulation
|November 2, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Diphosphoinositol polyphosphates are molecules that were fully defined in 1993. Despite their potential as intracellular signals, their precise functions and regulatory mechanisms remain unclear, requiring further research.

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Identification of Inositol Phosphate or Phosphoinositide Interacting Proteins by Affinity Chromatography Coupled to Western Blot or Mass Spectrometry
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Identification of Inositol Phosphate or Phosphoinositide Interacting Proteins by Affinity Chromatography Coupled to Western Blot or Mass Spectrometry

Published on: July 26, 2019

Preparation of Quality Inositol Pyrophosphates
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Preparation of Quality Inositol Pyrophosphates

Published on: September 3, 2011

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Last Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Absolute Quantitation of Inositol Pyrophosphates by Capillary Electrophoresis Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry
09:22

Absolute Quantitation of Inositol Pyrophosphates by Capillary Electrophoresis Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Published on: August 13, 2021

Identification of Inositol Phosphate or Phosphoinositide Interacting Proteins by Affinity Chromatography Coupled to Western Blot or Mass Spectrometry
08:07

Identification of Inositol Phosphate or Phosphoinositide Interacting Proteins by Affinity Chromatography Coupled to Western Blot or Mass Spectrometry

Published on: July 26, 2019

Preparation of Quality Inositol Pyrophosphates
10:34

Preparation of Quality Inositol Pyrophosphates

Published on: September 3, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Signaling

Background:

  • Diphosphoinositol polyphosphates were first fully defined in 1993.
  • Despite their definition, their role as independent intracellular signals is not yet established.
  • The biological significance of these molecules is still under investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review proposed mechanisms for diphosphoinositol polyphosphate action.
  • To highlight the current gaps in understanding their signaling pathways.
  • To discuss the future potential of these molecules in cell signaling.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of published hypotheses on diphosphoinositol polyphosphate function.
  • Critical analysis of proposed signaling mechanisms.
  • Discussion of regulatory control mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Existing hypotheses regarding the mechanisms of diphosphoinositol polyphosphate action require further development.
  • No definitive molecular mechanism for controlling diphosphoinositol polyphosphate levels has been identified.
  • The precise intracellular roles and regulation of these molecules remain largely unknown.

Conclusions:

  • Diphosphoinositol polyphosphates show significant potential as signaling molecules.
  • Further research is essential to elucidate their specific functions and regulatory pathways.
  • Understanding these molecules is crucial for advancing the field of intracellular signaling.