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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

A Modeling and Simulation Method for Preliminary Design of an Electro-Variable Displacement Pump

A Modeling and Simulation Method for Preliminary Design of an Electro-Variable Displacement Pump

Published on: June 1, 2022

Performance and reliability of a variable rate, force/displacement application system.

Michèle Vaillant¹, Joel G Pickar, Gregory N Kawchuk

¹Graduate Student, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics

|November 2, 2010

Summary

A new variable rate force/displacement (VRFD) device reliably measures spinal stiffness. This tool is crucial for future studies on spinal manipulation therapy (SMT) effects on spinal stiffness in low back pain patients.

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Area of Science:

Biomechanics
Orthopedics
Rehabilitation Engineering

Background:

Spinal manipulation therapy (SMT) is used for low back pain and affects spinal stiffness.
Quantifying SMT's effects requires devices measuring force-displacement during manipulation.
Novel adaptation of indentation techniques for SMT parameter evaluation.

Purpose of the Study:

Assess the reliability of stiffness measurements using a newly adapted variable rate force/displacement (VRFD) device.
Evaluate the VRFD device's suitability for quantifying spinal stiffness changes due to SMT.

Main Methods:

Seven springs of varying stiffness were indented 10 times each using the VRFD device.
Indentations were performed at 0.5 mm/s to a 4 mm maximal displacement.
Intraclass correlation and confidence intervals calculated to assess measurement reliability.

Main Results:

The VRFD device demonstrated excellent reliability, with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 1.0.
Mean stiffness values showed narrow 95% confidence intervals (0.01–0.06 N/mm).
Low coefficients of variation indicated consistent measurements.

Conclusions:

The VRFD device provides highly reliable stiffness measurements under controlled conditions.
Further in vivo validation is needed, but results support its use in SMT research.
This device can aid future trials investigating SMT's impact on spinal stiffness.