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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation

Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation

Published on: March 1, 2017

Object substitution masking and the object updating hypothesis.

Michael Pilling¹, Angus Gellatly

¹The Open University, Milton Keynes, England. mpilling@brookes.ac.uk

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

|November 2, 2010

Summary

Object substitution masking occurs when the visual system cannot distinguish target and mask objects. This study found that improving target-mask individuation reduces masking, though attentional capture by the mask still causes some effect.

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Visual Perception
Neuroscience

Background:

Object substitution masking (OSM) is a visual phenomenon where a target is masked by a subsequent object.
The object updating hypothesis suggests OSM occurs due to a failure in object token individuation.

Purpose of the Study:

To test the object updating hypothesis of OSM.
To investigate factors influencing target-mask individuation in visual perception.

Main Methods:

Two experiments modified the dot mask paradigm.
Experiment 1 manipulated apparent motion between target and mask using additional items.
Experiment 2 used placeholders to maintain target presence during mask presentation.

Main Results:

Both experiments demonstrated significantly reduced masking when target-mask individuation was promoted.
Conditions enhancing individuation led to decreased object substitution masking.
Some residual masking persisted, attributed to attentional capture by the mask.

Conclusions:

Findings support the object updating hypothesis by showing individuation reduces OSM.
Attentional capture by the mask is a contributing factor to residual masking.
The study highlights the role of object token representations in visual masking.