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Light Acquisition

Light Acquisition

In order to produce glucose, plants need to capture sufficient light energy. Many modern plants have evolved leaves specialized for light acquisition. Leaves can be only millimeters in width or tens of meters wide, depending on the environment. Due to competition for sunlight, evolution has driven the evolution of increasingly larger leaves and taller plants, to avoid shading by their neighbors with contaminant elaboration of root architecture and mechanisms to transport water and nutrients.

Morphogenesis

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Plant morphogenesis—the development of a plant’s form and structure—involves several overlapping developmental processes, including growth and cell differentiation. Precursor cells differentiate into specific cell types, which are organized into the tissues and organ systems that make up the functional plant.

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...

Transcription

Transcription

Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Improved Methods for Preparing Transverse Sections and Unrolled Whole Mounts of Maize Leaf Primordia for Fluorescence and Confocal Imaging

Improved Methods for Preparing Transverse Sections and Unrolled Whole Mounts of Maize Leaf Primordia for Fluorescence and Confocal Imaging

Published on: September 22, 2023

The developmental dynamics of the maize leaf transcriptome.

Pinghua Li¹, Lalit Ponnala, Neeru Gandotra

¹Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.

Nature Genetics

|November 2, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Maize leaf development involves dynamic gene expression, with most genes showing differential processing and expression. This study maps the maize transcriptome to understand cellular metabolism and C4 photosynthesis.

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Kinematic Analysis of Cell Division and Expansion: Quantifying the Cellular Basis of Growth and Sampling Developmental Zones in Zea mays Leaves

Kinematic Analysis of Cell Division and Expansion: Quantifying the Cellular Basis of Growth and Sampling Developmental Zones in Zea mays Leaves

Published on: December 2, 2016

Area of Science:

Plant Biology
Genomics
Molecular Biology

Background:

Understanding maize leaf development is crucial for improving crop yields.
Transcriptome analysis provides insights into gene expression patterns during development.

Purpose of the Study:

To analyze the maize leaf transcriptome using Illumina sequencing.
To define gene structure, alternative splicing, and transcript abundance.
To investigate differential gene expression along a developmental gradient and between cell types.

Main Methods:

Illumina sequencing of maize leaf transcriptome.
Mapping over 120 million reads.
Utilizing Gbrowse and a two-cell biochemical pathway viewer for data visualization.
Cluster analysis to identify transcriptomic dynamics.

Main Results:

Detected differential mRNA processing events for most maize genes.
Found 64% of genes differentially expressed along the developmental gradient.
Identified 21% of genes differentially expressed between bundle sheath and mesophyll cells.
Revealed a dynamic transcriptome transitioning from primary cell wall metabolism to secondary cell wall biosynthesis and C4 photosynthesis.

Conclusions:

The maize leaf transcriptome is highly dynamic during development.
This dataset provides a foundation for systems biology approaches to maize photosynthetic development.