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Related Concept Videos

Bipolar Disorder01:30

Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder is a chronic mental health condition marked by significant mood fluctuations, including episodes of mania and depression. Elevated energy levels, heightened mood or irritability, impulsive behavior, reduced sleep needs, rapid speech, racing thoughts, inflated self-esteem, and distractibility characterize mania. Individuals with bipolar disorder often alternate between depressive and manic states, with periods of emotional stability lasting an average of six months to a year.
Mania and Antimanic Drugs: Overview01:24

Mania and Antimanic Drugs: Overview

Mania, a psychological condition characterized by elevated mood, increased energy, and reduced sleep need, is part of the bipolar disorder cycle. The exact cause of mania isn't entirely known, but it is thought to be a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors. Bipolar disorder involves alternating manic and depressive episodes. Mood stabilizers like lithium, antipsychotics, and anticonvulsants help manage these episodes. Lithium carbonate is particularly effective as a...
Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when presynaptic neurons...

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Related Experiment Video

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Developing a Rat Model for Bipolar Disorder
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Published on: May 2, 2025

Altered neural function in pediatric bipolar disorder during reversal learning.

Daniel P Dickstein1, Elizabeth C Finger, Martha Skup

  • 1Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. daniel_dickstein@brown.edu

Bipolar Disorders
|November 3, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Children and adolescents with bipolar disorder (BD) show distinct brain activity during reversal learning tasks. This suggests impaired cognitive flexibility and response conflict processing in euthymic BD youth.

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Published on: December 2, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Bipolar disorder (BD) in youth causes functional impairment.
  • Previous studies show behavioral deficits in reversal learning tasks for BD youth.
  • Understanding the pathophysiology of pediatric BD is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neural correlates of reversal learning deficits in euthymic pediatric BD.
  • To compare brain activity during reversal learning between BD youth and controls using fMRI.

Main Methods:

  • Compared euthymic pediatric BD participants (n=16) with age-, sex-, and IQ-matched controls (n=16).
  • Utilized event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure blood oxygen-dependent (BOLD) signal.
  • Employed a probabilistic reversal learning task.

Main Results:

  • Pediatric BD participants exhibited significantly greater neural activity in fronto-parietal regions during the reversal phase.
  • This heightened activity was particularly noted in response to punished reversal errors (p < 0.05 corrected).

Conclusions:

  • Euthymic BD youth show inefficient recruitment of brain regions involved in response conflict processing and alternative response implementation.
  • Deficits in frontal and parietal cortex subdivisions are implicated in reversal learning impairments in pediatric BD.
  • Further research is needed to determine the specificity of these neural alterations.