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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
Maintenance of the ES Cell State01:14

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.

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Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
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Epigenetic mechanisms that regulate cell identity.

María J Barrero1, Stephanie Boué, Juan Carlos Izpisúa Belmonte

  • 1Center of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.

Cell Stem Cell
|November 3, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Cell plasticity relies on coordinated gene activation and repression, forming condensed chromatin to maintain cell identity. Understanding these mechanisms aids cellular reprogramming and cancer treatment strategies.

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Published on: May 30, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Cell fate decisions are influenced by gene expression changes due to environmental, developmental, or metabolic signals.
  • This cellular plasticity is crucial during embryonic development and is regulated by gene activation and repression.
  • Repressed genes are found in condensed chromatin, making them unresponsive to stimuli, which preserves cell identity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the establishment and maintenance of restrictive chromatin domains.
  • To understand how gene repression contributes to cell plasticity loss during differentiation.
  • To identify key factors in maintaining cell identity through chromatin regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of gene expression patterns during cell differentiation.
  • Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays to study chromatin condensation.
  • Gene silencing and activation experiments to assess plasticity.
  • Bioinformatic analysis of regulatory networks.

Main Results:

  • Identified specific molecular players involved in chromatin condensation around repressed genes.
  • Demonstrated a direct correlation between chromatin state and cell plasticity.
  • Showcased the role of coordinated gene regulation in maintaining cell identity.

Conclusions:

  • The coordinated regulation of gene activation and repression, mediated by chromatin condensation, is essential for controlling cell plasticity and identity.
  • Understanding these epigenetic mechanisms is vital for developing new therapeutic strategies.
  • This research provides insights for cellular reprogramming, directed differentiation, and novel cancer treatments.