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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Nephropathy01:28

Diabetic Nephropathy

Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration occur due to afferent arteriolar...
Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
Diabetic Neuropathy01:22

Diabetic Neuropathy

DefinitionDiabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by long-standing diabetes mellitus. It results directly from prolonged high blood sugar levels.PathophysiologyThe pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves both metabolic and vascular disturbances triggered by chronic hyperglycemia.Metabolic injury: Elevated glucose levels activate the polyol pathway within nerve cells, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose. This increases oxidative stress, disrupts normal nerve...
Diabetic Foot Ulcer01:31

Diabetic Foot Ulcer

Definition A diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a chronic, non-healing wound that develops in individuals with diabetes. It typically occurs on pressure-bearing areas such as the heel, metatarsal heads, or hallux, and carries a high risk of infection and amputation.Pathophysiology • The development of DFUs can be explained by four interconnected mechanisms: neuropathy, ischemia, infection, and impaired wound healing. • Neuropathy is the most common factor. Sensory neuropathy reduces pain perception,...
Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
Chronic Kidney Disease I: Introduction01:25

Chronic Kidney Disease I: Introduction

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) arises when the kidneys progressively lose their ability to function, ultimately leading to end-stage renal disease. At this advanced stage, the kidneys can no longer filter waste or maintain essential body functions, requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) through dialysis or a kidney transplant for survival.Early-stage chronic kidney disease and detection challengesIn CKD's early stages, symptoms often remain absent because healthy nephrons compensate for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
08:50

Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease

Published on: June 16, 2014

Endothelial dysfunction as a potential contributor in diabetic nephropathy.

Takahiko Nakagawa1, Katsuyuki Tanabe, Byron P Croker

  • 1Division of Renal Disease and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. takahiko.nakagawa@ucdenver.edu

Nature Reviews. Nephrology
|November 4, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Diabetic nephropathy may be driven by endothelial dysfunction, not just diabetes. Improving endothelial function or nitric oxide levels could treat this kidney disease.

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Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Whole Kidney, Medulla, and Cortical Tubules in Diabetic Pathogenesis of Kidney Injury in Mice
10:31

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Whole Kidney, Medulla, and Cortical Tubules in Diabetic Pathogenesis of Kidney Injury in Mice

Published on: May 2, 2025

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Last Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
08:50

Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease

Published on: June 16, 2014

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Whole Kidney, Medulla, and Cortical Tubules in Diabetic Pathogenesis of Kidney Injury in Mice
10:31

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Whole Kidney, Medulla, and Cortical Tubules in Diabetic Pathogenesis of Kidney Injury in Mice

Published on: May 2, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Endocrinology
  • Vascular Biology

Background:

  • Diabetic nephropathy mechanisms are unclear, with only 30-40% of diabetes patients developing it.
  • Endothelial dysfunction, seen in diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy, involves glomerular microvascular changes.
  • Severe endothelial dysfunction in mice mirrors human diabetic kidney and eye disease progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence linking endothelial nitric oxide deficiency and dysfunction to diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy.
  • To explore the potential of targeting endothelial function for treating diabetic kidney disease.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical and experimental studies on diabetic nephropathy.
  • Analysis of data from diabetic patients and mouse models with endothelial dysfunction.
  • Examination of the role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase deficiency.

Main Results:

  • Endothelial dysfunction is associated with human diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy.
  • Endothelial nitric oxide synthase deficiency in mice causes progressive nephropathy and retinopathy.
  • Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors show variable efficacy in diabetic nephropathy.

Conclusions:

  • Endothelial dysfunction, stemming from nitric oxide deficiency, is a key factor in diabetic nephropathy progression.
  • Therapies aimed at improving endothelial function or nitric oxide levels may benefit patients with diabetic kidney disease.