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Related Concept Videos

Toroids01:27

Toroids

A toroid is a closely wound donut-shaped coil constructed using a single conducting wire. In general, it is assumed that a toriod consists of multiple circular loops perpendicular to its axis.
When connected to a supply, the magnetic field generated in the toroid has field lines circular and concentric to its axis. Conventionally, the direction of this magnetic field is expressed using the right-hand rule. If the fingers of the right hand curl in the current direction, the thumb points in the...
Bending01:10

Bending

Pure bending is a fundamental concept in structural mechanics, essential for understanding how materials deform under symmetrical loads without direct forces. Pure bending occurs when prismatic members, such as beams, are subjected to equal and opposite moments that induce bending. The phenomenon is crucial as it allows for predicting stress distributions without the influence of axial or shear forces.
In pure bending, the bending stress in a beam is calculated based on the bending moment and...
Unsymmetric Bending01:18

Unsymmetric Bending

Unsymmetrical bending occurs when the bending moment applied to a structural member does not align with its principal axis. This misalignment leads to complex stress distributions and deflection patterns that differ from those in symmetrical bending, and are essential for designing structures to withstand different loading conditions. In unsymmetrical bending, the neutral axis—where stress is zero—does not necessarily align with the geometric axes of the cross-section. The orientation of the...
Torque01:10

Torque

Torque is an important quantity for describing the dynamics of a rotating rigid body. We see the application of torque in many ways in the world, such as when pressing the accelerator in a car, which causes the engine to apply additional torque on the drivetrain. Here, we define torque and provide a framework to create an equation to calculate torque for a rigid body with fixed-axis rotation.
Torque can be considered as the rotational counterpart to force. Since forces change the translational...
Net Torque Calculations01:19

Net Torque Calculations

When a mechanic tries to remove a hex nut with a wrench, it is easier if the force is applied at the farthest end of the wrench handle. The lever arm is the distance from the pivot point (the hex nut in this case) to the person’s hand. If this distance is large, the torque is higher. Only the component of the force perpendicular to the lever arm contributes to the torque. Therefore, pushing the wrench perpendicular to the lever arm is more advantageous. If multiple people apply force to rotate...
Tangent to a Curve01:30

Tangent to a Curve

The graph of a function where each output is the square of the input creates a smooth curve that bends upward, becoming steeper as one moves further from the center. At any chosen position along this curve, the curve reaches a certain height depending on the input value. This position can be a reference for analyzing how the curve behaves in its immediate vicinity.To understand the change in the curve near a particular position, imagine selecting another point slightly ahead along the curve.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Development of a Microfluidics-Based Approach for Investigating Microtubule Polymer Mechanics
06:03

Development of a Microfluidics-Based Approach for Investigating Microtubule Polymer Mechanics

Published on: May 30, 2025

Bending the path to TOR.

Brian M Wiczer, Adem Kalender, George Thomas

    Nature Cell Biology
    |November 4, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Primary cilia bending, a key part of mechanotransduction, regulates cell size. This process negatively impacts TOR signaling, controlling cellular growth.

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    Area of Science:

    • Cell Biology
    • Biophysics
    • Signal Transduction

    Background:

    • Cells possess mechanotransduction pathways to perceive and react to physical forces, converting mechanical cues into biochemical responses.
    • Primary cilia are crucial cellular antennae involved in sensing the cellular environment and mediating signaling pathways.

    Discussion:

    • The study reveals that the bending of primary cilia directly influences the mechanistic target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway.
    • This modulation by primary cilia bending acts as a negative regulator of cell size, impacting cellular homeostasis.

    Key Insights:

    • Primary cilia bending is identified as a novel regulator of TOR signaling.
    • Mechanotransduction via primary cilia bending provides a direct link between physical forces and cell size control.

    Outlook:

    • Further research can explore the precise molecular mechanisms linking cilia bending to TOR inhibition.
    • Understanding this pathway could offer new therapeutic targets for diseases associated with abnormal cell growth.