Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Human Liver Microphysiological System for Assessing Drug-Induced Liver Toxicity In Vitro
Published on: January 31, 2022
Thiazolidinedione precipitated thyroid associated ophthalmopathy
R Menaka1, M Sehgal, M Lakshmi
1Dept of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Manipal Hospital, Bangalore, India.
Abstract:
Thyroid associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), a cardinal clinical pointer to diagnose Graves' disease (GD), is seen less frequently in our country than in the West, but can have sight threatening consequences. Smoking, diabetes, male gender, increasing age and radioactive iodine treatment for thyrotoxicosis are known precipitating factors for TAO. We report four cases of thiazolidinediones (TZD) precipitated TAO. All were male, had autoimmune thyroid disease (three had Graves' disease and one had Hashimoto's thyroiditis) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). They developed eye symptoms three to four months after taking TZDs for glycaemic control. Two of them responded to medical treatment, the other two underwent surgical decompression.
Related Concept Videos
Graves' Disease I: Introduction
Antihypertensive Drugs: Thiazide-Class Diuretics
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology
Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology