Vasectomy in birds: a review

Vasectomy is done to produce infertility by surgically removing a portion of the ductus deferens from both testicles. In birds, vasectomy can be done internally or externally. Internal vasectomy is performed by severing and removing a section of the ductus deferens through bilateral celiotomy or by endoscopic-guided techniques. Vasectomy can be done externally using standard surgical procedures in those species possessing seminal glomera. In this review, the surgical techniques used to perform vasectomy in birds and the implications and applications of each technique are discussed.