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Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

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Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...

Viral Meningitis

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...

Bacterial Meningitis

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Bacterial meningitis is a severe infectious disease involving inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It occurs when pathogenic bacteria cross the blood–brain barrier and enter the cerebrospinal fluid. Common causative organisms include Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli K1. The exact route of entry varies by pathogen and host condition.Routes of Entry...

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Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Inducing Meningococcal Meningitis Serogroup C in Mice via Intracisternal Delivery

Inducing Meningococcal Meningitis Serogroup C in Mice via Intracisternal Delivery

Published on: November 5, 2019

Meningitis and encephalitis in adolescents.

W Garrett Hunt¹

¹Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA. wgarrett.hunt@nationwidechildrens.org

Adolescent Medicine: State of the Art Reviews

|November 5, 2010

Summary

Bacterial meningitis incidence has decreased, yet significant risks from meningitis and encephalitis persist. Advances in diagnostics and updated treatments improve patient outcomes and prevention strategies for adolescents.

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Last Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Inducing Meningococcal Meningitis Serogroup C in Mice via Intracisternal Delivery

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Intracerebroventricular and Intravascular Injection of Viral Particles and Fluorescent Microbeads into the Neonatal Brain

Intracerebroventricular and Intravascular Injection of Viral Particles and Fluorescent Microbeads into the Neonatal Brain

Published on: July 24, 2016

Area of Science:

Neurology
Infectious Diseases
Pediatrics

Background:

While bacterial meningitis incidence has declined, substantial disease burden from bacterial and nonbacterial meningitis with encephalitis remains.
Diagnostic capabilities have improved with new surrogate markers like polymerase chain reaction (PCR), inflammatory markers, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Evolving clinical guidelines impact antibiotic selection and the use of adjunctive steroid therapy in specific patient groups.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide an updated review on the diagnosis, epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical assessment, and treatment of meningitis and encephalitis in adolescents.
To summarize current approaches to antibiotic and adjunctive therapies for meningitis and encephalitis.
To discuss prognosis and prevention strategies for these neurological infections in the adolescent population.

Main Methods:

This review synthesizes current literature and guidelines on meningitis and encephalitis.
It focuses on diagnostic evaluation, epidemiological trends, and pathophysiological mechanisms.
The review examines updated treatment protocols, including antibiotic and steroid therapies, and prevention measures.

Main Results:

Despite decreased incidence, meningitis and encephalitis continue to pose significant health risks.
Advanced diagnostic tools enhance the identification and management of these conditions.
Modified antibiotic regimens and expanded use of adjunctive steroids represent key therapeutic updates.

Conclusions:

Adolescents with meningitis and encephalitis benefit from updated diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Continued research and adherence to evolving guidelines are crucial for improving patient prognosis.
Effective prevention measures remain essential in reducing the overall disease burden.