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Related Concept Videos

Herpes01:28

Herpes

Herpes simplex type 1 (HSV‑1) is a widespread pathogen responsible for orolabial lesions. It is an enveloped, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus belonging to the family Herpesviridae. Once the virus infects a host cell, its double‑stranded DNA genome is delivered into the nucleus, where a coordinated cascade of immediate‑early, early, and late gene expression directs viral DNA replication, structural protein synthesis, and virion assembly. After primary infection of epithelial cells, HSV-1...
Genital Herpes01:23

Genital Herpes

Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted infection primarily caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), though herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is increasingly implicated in genital infections, particularly among younger populations. Transmission occurs mainly through sexual contact, with asymptomatic viral shedding serving as a major route of spread. This characteristic makes HSV-2 difficult to control at a population level, as individuals may unknowingly transmit the virus even in the...
Chickenpox01:20

Chickenpox

Chickenpox is an acute, highly contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Herpesviridae family. Its transmission occurs primarily through the inhalation of respiratory droplets or direct contact with vesicular fluid from skin lesions. The incubation period typically ranges from 10 to 21 days, during which the virus replicates and disseminates through sequential phases within the host. Although generally self-limiting in children,...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Bacteriophages of the Human Virome01:23

Bacteriophages of the Human Virome

Bacteriophages are found throughout the human body. They may even outnumber eukaryotic viruses, forming an important and dynamic component of the human virome. Indeed, phages represent the most abundant viral entities, with densities in the gut reaching up to 10⁹ particles per gram of fecal matter, and many belonging to orders such as Caudovirales and Microviridae, while a substantial proportion remains unclassified as viral “dark matter.”Lysogeny and Genetic ExchangeIn the gut, bacteriophages...
Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Detection of the Genome and Transcripts of a Persistent DNA Virus in Neuronal Tissues by Fluorescent In situ Hybridization Combined with Immunostaining
13:22

Detection of the Genome and Transcripts of a Persistent DNA Virus in Neuronal Tissues by Fluorescent In situ Hybridization Combined with Immunostaining

Published on: January 23, 2014

Herpesvirus BACs: past, present, and future.

Charles Warden1, Qiyi Tang, Hua Zhu

  • 1Department of Molecular Medicine, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.

Journal of Biomedicine & Biotechnology
|November 5, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Herpesvirus bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) simplify genetic manipulation of these complex DNA viruses. BACs enable the creation of recombinant viruses for studying herpesvirus biology, pathogenesis, and potential applications like vaccines and gene therapy.

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Last Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Detection of the Genome and Transcripts of a Persistent DNA Virus in Neuronal Tissues by Fluorescent In situ Hybridization Combined with Immunostaining
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Preparation of Viral DNA from Nucleocapsids
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Preparation of Viral DNA from Nucleocapsids

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Herpesviridae are large DNA viruses with complex genomes, making genetic manipulation challenging.
  • Traditional methods for generating recombinant herpesviruses are difficult and time-consuming.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the creation and utility of herpesvirus bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs).
  • To review methods for manipulating herpesvirus BACs and analyzing resulting mutants.
  • To explore future applications of BAC technology in herpesvirus research.

Main Methods:

  • Herpesvirus BAC construction and modification.
  • Site-directed mutagenesis and transposon mutagenesis for gene manipulation.
  • Generation and analysis of deletion mutants to determine gene function.

Main Results:

  • Herpesvirus BACs have become powerful tools for generating recombinant viruses.
  • BAC-directed mutants are effectively used to study gene essentiality and viral biology.
  • Established methods allow for efficient creation and mutation of herpesvirus BACs.

Conclusions:

  • Herpesvirus BAC technology significantly advances the study of viral genetics and pathogenesis.
  • Future applications include vaccine development and gene therapy strategies.
  • BACs provide a versatile platform for diverse herpesvirus research endeavors.