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Related Concept Videos

Glycosaminoglycans01:23

Glycosaminoglycans

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), also known as mucopolysaccharides, are long and linear polymers comprising of specific repeating disaccharides - the amino sugar that can be N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine, and a uronic acid that is usually glucuronic acid or iduronic acid.
GAGS are found in the extracellular matrix of vertebrates, invertebrates, and bacteria. Due to their polar nature they attract water, and serve as excellent lubricants or shock absorbers in an animal body.
Hyaluronic...
Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS01:11

Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS

Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
GWAS does not require the identification of the target gene involved in...
Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent – the...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects01:29

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects

Non-stoichiometric defects refer to a type of defect in the crystal structure of a compound where the ratio of its constituent elements deviates from the ideal stoichiometric ratio. There are two main types of non-stoichiometric defects: metal excess defects and metal deficiency defects.Metal excess defects occur when there is a slight surplus of metal ions than what is required by the stoichiometric ratio of the compound. For example, heating a sodium chloride crystal in sodium vapor results...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects01:26

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

Schottky defects arise when some lattice points in a crystal, such as those in NaCl, remain unoccupied, creating lattice vacancies without disturbing the overall electrical neutrality of the crystal. This defect is common in ionic crystals where the positive and negative ions are similar in size, as seen in sodium chloride and cesium chloride. The presence of Schottky defects enables the crystal to conduct electricity to a small extent through an ionic mechanism. Electric fields cause nearby...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Synovial Fluid Analysis to Identify Osteoarthritis
07:51

Synovial Fluid Analysis to Identify Osteoarthritis

Published on: October 20, 2022

Crystal arthropathies: recognizing and treating "the gouch".

David M Quillen1

  • 1Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, University of Florida, 625 SW 4th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA. quillen@ufl.edu

Primary Care
|November 6, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Gout, characterized by high uric acid levels, is increasingly common. Current treatment guidelines recommend lowering uric acid to 6.0 mg/dL, with febuxostat offering a new therapeutic option.

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Published on: August 25, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Internal Medicine
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Gout is a prevalent and rising inflammatory arthritis.
  • Chronic hyperuricemia, defined as serum uric acid levels greater than 6.8 mg/dL, is the primary metabolic abnormality in gout.
  • Effective management aims to reduce uric acid levels to prevent flares and complications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of chronic hyperuricemia in gout pathogenesis.
  • To discuss current treatment targets for serum uric acid levels.
  • To introduce febuxostat as a novel urate-lowering therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of gout epidemiology and pathophysiology.
  • Analysis of clinical guidelines for hyperuricemia management.
  • Pharmacological profile of febuxostat and its comparison to existing therapies.

Main Results:

  • Gout prevalence is increasing globally.
  • A serum uric acid target of 6.0 mg/dL is recommended for patients with gout.
  • Febuxostat is an effective option for achieving target urate levels, alongside traditional medications like allopurinol, probenecid, and colchicine.

Conclusions:

  • Controlling chronic hyperuricemia is crucial for managing gout.
  • Achieving a serum uric acid level of 6.0 mg/dL is the therapeutic goal.
  • Febuxostat represents a valuable addition to the urate-lowering treatment armamentarium for gout patients.