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Related Concept Videos

Discrete-Time Fourier Series01:20

Discrete-Time Fourier Series

The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS) is a fundamental concept in signal processing, serving as the discrete-time counterpart to the continuous-time Fourier series. It allows for the representation and analysis of discrete-time periodic signals in terms of their frequency components. Unlike its continuous counterpart, which utilizes integrals, the calculation of DTFS expansion coefficients involves summations due to the discrete nature of the signal.
For a discrete-time periodic signal x[n]...
Deconvolution01:20

Deconvolution

Deconvolution, also known as inverse filtering, is the process of extracting the impulse response from known input and output signals. This technique is vital in scenarios where the system's characteristics are unknown, and they must be inferred from the observable signals.
Deconvolution involves several mathematical techniques to derive the impulse response. One common approach is polynomial division. In this method, the input and output sequences are treated as coefficients of...
Active Filters01:25

Active Filters

Active filters are electronic circuits that use operational amplifiers (op-amps), resistors, and capacitors to filter out unwanted frequency components from a signal. A first-order low-pass active filter is designed to pass signals with a frequency lower than a certain cutoff frequency and attenuate frequencies higher than that cutoff frequency. The transfer function for a first-order low-pass active filter is:
Downsampling01:20

Downsampling

When considering a sampled sequence with zero values between sampling instants, one can replace it by taking every N-th value of the sequence. At these integer multiples of N, the original and sampled sequences coincide. This process, known as decimation, involves extracting every N-th sample from a sequence, thereby creating a more efficient sequence.
The Fourier transform of the decimated sequence reveals a combination of scaled and shifted versions of the original spectrum. This...
Passive Filters01:27

Passive Filters

Passive filters are utilized to shape the frequency spectrum of signals across a diverse array of applications. These filters, using only passive elements like resistors (R), inductors (L), and capacitors (C), are capable of selectively allowing or blocking certain frequency ranges without the need for external power sources.
Low-Pass Filters
Low-pass filters are designed to transmit signals with frequencies lower than the cutoff frequency, ωc, and attenuate those above it. The cutoff frequency...
Phase-lead and Phase-lag Controllers01:22

Phase-lead and Phase-lag Controllers

Understanding the working function of different types of controllers can be illustrated with practical analogies, such as adjusting a stereo's volume equalizer. Cranking up the bass involves a phase-lead controller, which functions as a high-pass filter, while increasing the treble uses a phase-lag controller, which acts as a low-pass filter. PD controllers, similar to high-pass filters, enhance the system's response to high-frequency components. PI controllers, akin to low-pass filters, manage...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Shaping the Amplitude and Phase of Laser Beams by Using a Phase-only Spatial Light Modulator
08:39

Shaping the Amplitude and Phase of Laser Beams by Using a Phase-only Spatial Light Modulator

Published on: January 28, 2019

Multilevel phase- and amplitude-encoded modified-filter synthetic-discriminant-function filters.

R Wang, C R Chatwin

    Applied Optics
    |November 6, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    The modified-filter synthetic-discriminant-function (MfSDF) filter with multilevel phase and amplitude (MLAP) constraints improves vehicle and tank recognition. This advanced filter enhances tracking accuracy and noise tolerance in correlator systems.

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 7, 2026

    Shaping the Amplitude and Phase of Laser Beams by Using a Phase-only Spatial Light Modulator
    08:39

    Shaping the Amplitude and Phase of Laser Beams by Using a Phase-only Spatial Light Modulator

    Published on: January 28, 2019

    Area of Science:

    • Optical Engineering
    • Image Processing
    • Pattern Recognition

    Background:

    • Liquid-crystal televisions enable encoding of multilevel phase and amplitude information.
    • Modified-filter synthetic-discriminant-function (MfSDF) filters are used in optical correlator systems.
    • Multilevel phase and amplitude (MLAP) constraints offer potential for improved filter performance.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the performance of MfSDF filters with MLAP constraints.
    • To evaluate the image distortion range covered by MLAP/MfSDF filters.
    • To compare MLAP/MfSDF filters against MfSDF filters with binary phase-only constraints.

    Main Methods:

    • Testing MLAP/MfSDF filters with in-class (Bradley armored personnel carrier) and out-of-class (Abram MI tank) images.
    • Evaluating performance across various in-plane rotations and image distortion levels.
    • Assessing discrimination capability and noise accommodation compared to binary phase-only MfSDF filters.

    Main Results:

    • MLAP/MfSDF filters demonstrate significantly improved correlator system performance.
    • A greater allowable image distortion range is achieved while maintaining 100% discrimination.
    • Enhanced ability to accommodate input image noise compared to binary phase-only MfSDF filters.

    Conclusions:

    • MLAP/MfSDF filters offer superior performance for object recognition and tracking.
    • These filters effectively expand the distortion tolerance of optical correlator systems.
    • Hybrid optical/digital correlator systems can effectively implement MLAP/MfSDF for dynamic vehicle/tank tracking.