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Related Concept Videos

Retarders01:19

Retarders

Retarders are chemical admixtures designed to extend the setting time, which is especially useful when there is a delay in sequential concrete pours to prevent cold joints and to achieve a cohesive structure. Retarders, when used in appropriate amounts, can also enhance the architectural appearance of exposed aggregate finishes.
The function of retarders is to delay the setting of concrete, and this effect can be measured using a penetration test. The retardation process involves adding...
Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)01:16

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)

Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...
Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters01:20

Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters

The introduction of polyesters has brought major development to the textile industry. The wrinkle-free behavior of polyester blends has eliminated the need for starching and ironing clothes.
Polyesters are commonly prepared from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol; the crude product is known as poly(ethylene terephthalate) or PET. However, polyesters are synthesized industrially by transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol at 150 °C. The two reactants and the polymer...
Polymer Classification: Architecture01:14

Polymer Classification: Architecture

Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers01:08

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers

Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
As the step-growth polymerization involves step-wise condensation of monomers, the molecular weight also builds up eventually. Consequently, high molecular weight polymers are obtained at the late stages of the polymerization, where 99% of monomers have been consumed.
The extent of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Microfluidic Fabrication of Polymeric and Biohybrid Fibers with Predesigned Size and Shape
07:38

Microfluidic Fabrication of Polymeric and Biohybrid Fibers with Predesigned Size and Shape

Published on: January 8, 2014

Simple process for building large homogeneous adaptable retarders made from polymeric materials.

F Delplancke, H Sendrowicz, R Bernaerd

    Applied Optics
    |November 6, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study introduces a low-cost method for creating adaptable retarders using high polymers. The process leverages stress-induced birefringence and thermal freezing to achieve precise, homogeneous retardation for various applications.

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    Fabricating Degradable Thermoresponsive Hydrogels on Multiple Length Scales via Reactive Extrusion, Microfluidics, Self-assembly, and Electrospinning
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    09:37

    Fabrication of a Bioactive, PCL-based "Self-fitting" Shape Memory Polymer Scaffold

    Published on: October 23, 2015

    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Optics
    • Polymer Science

    Background:

    • High polymers exhibit stress-dependent birefringence.
    • Thermal processes can freeze stresses within polymer materials.
    • Controlling stress distribution is key to optical properties.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop an easy and cost-effective method for fabricating large, homogeneous retarders.
    • To analyze the process based on polymer stress-birefringence properties.
    • To achieve adaptable retardation with high precision.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing the variable birefringence of high polymers under stress.
    • Employing a thermal process to freeze induced stresses.
    • Implementing composed bending to create linear birefringence profiles.
    • Superimposing two pieces with opposite stress profiles for homogeneous retardation.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved homogeneous constant retardation through stress profile superposition.
    • Demonstrated adjustable retardation via relative displacement of components.
    • Obtained precision better than 1% for quarter-wave retardation over large areas (>3 cm diameter).

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed method enables efficient, low-cost production of adaptable retarders.
    • Material selection allows for diverse applications across a wide wavelength range.
    • The technique offers a scalable solution for precise optical component manufacturing.