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Related Concept Videos

IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy01:05

Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy

Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy or TIRF is an advanced microscopic technique used to visualize fluorophores in samples close to a solid surface with a higher refractive index, such as a glass coverslip. TIRF only allows fluorophores in proximity to the solid surface to be excited. When light from a medium with a lower refractive index (such as air) hits the glass coverslip at a critical angle, the light undergoes total internal reflection stead of passing through the glass.
X-ray Imaging01:24

X-ray Imaging

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-ray was widely...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction01:07

Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. While single-particle reconstruction can examine macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro conditions only, tomography permits the study of cell components or small cells in vivo.
Electron Tomography
Electron tomography can be performed either in TEM or STEM (scanning transmission...

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Updated: Jun 7, 2026

A Multimodal Wide-Field Fourier-Transform Raman Microscope
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Published on: December 30, 2025

Fourier-transform imaging spectrometer with a single toroidal optic.

R G Sellar, J B Rafert

    Applied Optics
    |November 6, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study details an innovative imaging Fourier-transform spectrometer. It uniquely employs a Sagnac interferometer and a single toroidal optic for advanced spectral imaging.

    Area of Science:

    • Optical engineering
    • Spectroscopy
    • Interferometry

    Background:

    • Fourier-transform spectroscopy (FTS) is a powerful technique for spectral analysis.
    • Traditional FTS designs can be complex and bulky.
    • There is a need for compact and efficient spectrometer designs.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To describe the design of a novel imaging Fourier-transform spectrometer.
    • To introduce a system utilizing a Sagnac interferometer and a toroidal optic.

    Main Methods:

    • The spectrometer design incorporates a Sagnac interferometer.
    • A single toroidal optic is a key component in the optical path.
    • The system is designed for imaging spectral data acquisition.

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    A Guide to Structured Illumination TIRF Microscopy at High Speed with Multiple Colors
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    Main Results:

    • The described design offers a unique approach to imaging spectroscopy.
    • The combination of Sagnac interferometer and toroidal optic presents a novel configuration.
    • This design facilitates simultaneous spatial and spectral information capture.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed imaging Fourier-transform spectrometer design is innovative.
    • This configuration may offer advantages in terms of compactness and performance.
    • Further research can explore its applications in various scientific fields.