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Related Concept Videos

Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect01:19

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes01:09

Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes

In complexation reactions, metal cations are the electron pair acceptors, and the ligands are the electron pair donors. The stability of the metal complexes depends primarily on the complexing ability of the central metal ion and the nature of the ligands. Generally, the complexing ability of the metal ion depends on the size and charge of the ion. As the metal ion size increases, the stability of the metal complexes decreases, provided that the valency of the metal ion and the ligands remain...
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview01:18

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

Cycloheptatriene is a neutral monocyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that consists of an odd number of carbon atoms and an intervening sp3 carbon in the ring. The three double bonds in the ring correspond to 6 π electrons, which is a Huckel number, and therefore satisfies the criteria of 4n + 2 π electrons. However, the intervening sp3 carbon disrupts the continuous overlap of p orbitals. As a result, cycloheptatriene is not aromatic.
Removing one hydrogen from the intervening CH2 group with both...
Carbocations02:10

Carbocations

Carbocations are one of the reaction intermediates formed during several nucleophilic substitutions or elimination reactions. A carbocation is an electron-deficient species with the central carbon atom having six electrons and three bonded atoms. The central carbon in a carbocation is sp2 hybridized with trigonal planar geometry. It has an empty p orbital perpendicular to the plane of the structure that can accept electrons. Thus, carbocations act as strong electrophiles and may react with any...

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Development of Inhibitors of Protein-protein Interactions through REPLACE: Application to the Design and Development Non-ATP Competitive CDK Inhibitors
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Development of Inhibitors of Protein-protein Interactions through REPLACE: Application to the Design and Development Non-ATP Competitive CDK Inhibitors

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Proton and metal binding by cyclen-based highly rigid cryptands.

Carla Bazzicalupi1, Andrea Bencini, Samuele Ciattini

  • 1Dipartimento di Chimica Ugo Schiff, Università di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.

Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)
|November 6, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Two novel cryptands, L1 and L2, exhibit high basicity and selectively bind copper and zinc ions. Zinc binding enhances fluorescence, suggesting potential for developing new OFF/ON chemosensors.

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Accessing Valuable Ligand Supports for Transition Metals: A Modified, Intermediate Scale Preparation of 1,2,3,4,5-Pentamethylcyclopentadiene
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Accessing Valuable Ligand Supports for Transition Metals: A Modified, Intermediate Scale Preparation of 1,2,3,4,5-Pentamethylcyclopentadiene

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Structure and Coordination Determination of Peptide-metal Complexes Using 1D and 2D 1H NMR
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Structure and Coordination Determination of Peptide-metal Complexes Using 1D and 2D 1H NMR

Published on: December 16, 2013

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Development of Inhibitors of Protein-protein Interactions through REPLACE: Application to the Design and Development Non-ATP Competitive CDK Inhibitors
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Accessing Valuable Ligand Supports for Transition Metals: A Modified, Intermediate Scale Preparation of 1,2,3,4,5-Pentamethylcyclopentadiene
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Structure and Coordination Determination of Peptide-metal Complexes Using 1D and 2D 1H NMR
14:44

Structure and Coordination Determination of Peptide-metal Complexes Using 1D and 2D 1H NMR

Published on: December 16, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Coordination Chemistry
  • Chemical Sensing

Background:

  • The study investigates the properties of two cryptands, L1 and L2, derived from a tetraazacyclododecane macrocycle (cyclen).
  • These cryptands feature dibenzofuran or diphenyl ether moieties, influencing their structural and binding characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the basicity properties of cryptands L1 and L2.
  • To explore the selective metal ion binding capabilities of these ligands.
  • To assess their potential for developing fluorescent chemosensors.

Main Methods:

  • Potentiometric, UV-vis, and fluorescence emission spectroscopy were employed.
  • Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ((1)H, (13)C NMR) was used for structural analysis.
  • X-ray crystallography was performed on a protonated cryptand complex.

Main Results:

  • Both ligands display high basicity, with L1's first basicity constant exceeding measurement limits in water.
  • An intramolecular hydrogen bonding network in {[HL1]L1}(+) explains the high basicity.
  • L1 and L2 selectively bind Cu(II) and Zn(II) in acetonitrile, encapsulating them within their cavities.
  • Zn(II) coordination significantly enhances ligand fluorescence.

Conclusions:

  • The studied cryptands possess high basicity due to their unique molecular structure.
  • They demonstrate selective binding for specific divalent metal ions.
  • The fluorescence enhancement upon Zn(II) binding indicates their utility in designing novel OFF/ON fluorescent chemosensors.