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Updated: Jun 7, 2026

A Comprehensive Pipeline to Assess the Efficiency of Human Erythropoiesis In Vitro and Ex Vivo
08:53

A Comprehensive Pipeline to Assess the Efficiency of Human Erythropoiesis In Vitro and Ex Vivo

Published on: January 10, 2025

Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents

Steve Elliott1

  • 1Department of Hematology, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA. selliott@amgen.com

Cancer Treatment and Research
|November 6, 2010
PubMed

Erythropoiesis is the process whereby erythroid progenitor cells differentiate and divide, resulting in increased numbers of red blood cells (RBCs). RBCs contain hemoglobin, the main oxygen carrying component in blood. The large number of RBCs found in blood is required to support the prodigious consumption of oxygen by tissues as they undergo oxygen-dependent processes. Erythropoietin is a hormone that when it binds and activates Epo receptors resident on the surface of cells results in stimulation of erythropoiesis. Successful cloning of the EPO gene allowed for the first time production of recombinant human erythropoietin and other erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs), which are used to treat anemia in patients. In this chapter, the control of Epo levels and erythropoiesis, the various forms of ESAs used commercially, and their physical and biological properties are discussed.

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Red blood cells  (RBCs) transport oxygen to all body tissues. These cells survive only for 120 days and then need to be replenished. Erythropoiesis is the process of RBC production. In healthy individuals, erythropoiesis ensures all tissues are amply supplied with oxygen. In addition, blood loss due to injury leads to a drop in the physiological oxygen level that will cause erythropoiesis. Any defect in erythropoiesis leads to several physiological disorders, including thalassemia, anemia, and...
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