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Related Concept Videos

Enlargement of the Plasma Membrane01:22

Enlargement of the Plasma Membrane

Cell division and enlargement are processes that require precise control. The control ensures that cell division cannot proceed unless the cell has grown to a specific size. A spherical, dividing cell requires an approximately 1.6X increase in its surface area to double its volume. The secretory pathway also has a significant role in cell membrane enlargement. Secretory vesicles that bud off from the Golgi apparatus and later fuse with the plasma membrane during exocytosis are a major source of...
Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
Bone Remodeling and Repair01:31

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
The Ca2+-CaM complex does not have enzymatic activity by itself. Instead, the complex binds downstream target proteins, including membrane proteins or enzymes,...
Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration01:27

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration

Calcium is an essential signaling molecule required for various cellular functions. Calcium pumps and ion channels on cell and organellar membranes, such as those on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regulate calcium concentrations inside the cell. They remain closed, keeping the cytosolic calcium levels low at a resting state.
Various transmembrane receptors, such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), elicit a response to extracellular signals by increasing cytosolic calcium. Activated GPCRs...
Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Cell Membrane Repair Assay Using a Two-photon Laser Microscope
06:35

Cell Membrane Repair Assay Using a Two-photon Laser Microscope

Published on: January 2, 2018

Calcium and membrane repair.

Caroline Palm-Apergi1, Mattias Hällbrink

  • 1Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD School of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA. cpalmapergi@ucsd.edu

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|November 6, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cell-penetrating peptides deliver drugs by interacting with cell membranes. Understanding these interactions and calcium's role is crucial for developing new peptide-based therapies.

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Last Updated: Jun 7, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are increasingly used for drug delivery.
  • Understanding CPP interactions with the plasma membrane is vital for therapeutic applications.
  • Calcium ions play a key role in cellular transport mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of cell-penetrating peptides on the plasma membrane.
  • To elucidate the role of calcium in CPP-mediated cellular entry.
  • To provide methods for studying CPP-membrane interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Describes five distinct methodologies for plasma membrane analysis.
  • Focuses on techniques to observe membrane response to CPPs.
  • Includes methods to assess calcium involvement during CPP uptake.

Main Results:

  • The study outlines methods to analyze CPP-induced plasma membrane changes.
  • It highlights the importance of calcium in the cellular internalization process of CPPs.
  • Provides a framework for evaluating the safety and efficacy of CPP-drug conjugates.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding CPP-membrane interactions is essential for drug development.
  • Calcium signaling is a critical factor in CPP-mediated delivery.
  • The described methods facilitate the study of CPPs for pharmaceutical applications.