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Related Concept Videos

Intestinal Obstruction I: Introduction01:29

Intestinal Obstruction I: Introduction

Intestinal obstruction is a partial or complete blockage of the small or large intestine that disrupts the normal flow of intestinal contents through the lumen. This interruption impairs digestion, absorption, and fluid balance, and may lead to serious complications if not treated promptly.Mechanical ObstructionMechanical obstruction occurs when a physical blockage prevents intestinal contents from passing, arising from within the lumen or the bowel wall, or from external compression.Adhesions,...
Intestinal Obstruction II: Pathophysiology01:07

Intestinal Obstruction II: Pathophysiology

Intestinal obstruction triggers a series of physiological responses, starting with gas and fluid accumulation in the bowel segment proximal to the obstruction, leading to distension. This distended intestine compresses the diaphragm, hindering lung expansion and potentially leading to reduced respiratory effort, atelectasis, and pneumonia.To overcome the blockage, the gut intensifies contractions, causing colicky abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting, which reduces fluid and food intake and...
Pyloric Obstruction01:11

Pyloric Obstruction

Pyloric obstruction, also referred to as gastric outlet obstruction, is a condition characterized by narrowing or blockage at the pylorus—the muscular valve regulating the flow of stomach contents into the duodenum. When this passage becomes impaired, the stomach cannot effectively empty its contents into the small intestine. This disruption leads to a range of gastrointestinal symptoms, including early satiety, bloating, epigastric pain, postprandial nausea, persistent vomiting, and...
Irritable Bowel Syndrome01:23

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

DefinitionIrritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by recurrent combinations of abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, or constipation.Pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndromeIts pathophysiology is multifactorial, involving disturbances in motility, sensory processing, microbial balance, barrier integrity, and gut–brain communication. These mechanisms interact to produce symptoms that vary across IBS subtypes.Altered Motility PatternsDisordered...
Sinusoidal Sources01:18

Sinusoidal Sources

Direct current (DC) refers to an electric current that flows in a single direction, maintaining a constant polarity. This is in contrast to alternating current (AC), which periodically changes its direction and magnitude. AC forms the backbone of modern electricity transmission and distribution systems due to its efficient long-distance transmission capabilities.
In homes, the power supplies use sinusoidal sources to provide electricity. These sources generate a voltage that varies sinusoidally...
Drugs for Treatment of Constipation-Predominant IBS01:21

Drugs for Treatment of Constipation-Predominant IBS

Pharmacological therapies for IBS-C are designed to alleviate abdominal discomfort and enhance bowel function. In patients with IBS-C, fiber supplements may help soften stools and decrease straining, but may also lead to increased gas production and bloating. Osmotic laxatives like milk of magnesia are frequently used to soften stools and increase stool frequency in IBS-C patients. In addition, two drugs approved for use in severe IBS-C adult cases are linaclotide (Linzess) and lubiprostone...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
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Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome.

Laura Rubbia-Brandt1

  • 1Division of Clinical Pathology of University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland. laura.rubbia-brandt@hcuge.ch

Clinics in Liver Disease
|November 9, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS), previously veno-occlusive disease, is a serious complication after stem cell transplants and exposure to certain toxins. This review covers its causes, pathology, diagnosis, and prevention strategies.

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Transplantation Medicine
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS), also known as veno-occlusive disease, is a significant complication following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).
  • Exposure to pyrrolizidine alkaloids, certain chemotherapeutic agents, and immunosuppressors are established causes of SOS.
  • SOS is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality across various clinical settings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS).
  • To detail the histologic features, pathogenesis, and etiologies of SOS.
  • To discuss the impact of SOS on the clinical management of colorectal liver metastases, alongside current diagnostic and preventive strategies.

Main Methods:

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  • Literature review of histologic findings in SOS.
  • Analysis of current understanding of SOS pathogenesis.
  • Synthesis of recent data on SOS causes and clinical implications.
  • Review of diagnostic criteria and preventive measures for SOS.

    • Main Results:

    • Detailed description of the characteristic histologic lesions of SOS.
    • Elucidation of the current understanding of SOS pathogenesis.
    • Identification of various drugs and toxins implicated in SOS development.
    • Exploration of the influence of SOS on managing colorectal liver metastases.

    Conclusions:

    • SOS is a critical complication with diverse etiologies, including HSCT and toxin exposure.
    • Understanding SOS pathogenesis and histology is key to diagnosis and management.
    • Current knowledge supports strategies for SOS diagnosis and prevention, impacting patient outcomes.