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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
Transmission: The process begins when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis. These are typically released into the air when an individual with pulmonary or...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis III01:31

Pulmonary Tuberculosis III

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection primarily affecting the lung parenchyma but which can also affect other body parts. TB can be classified based on disease development, presentation, and the affected anatomical site.
The first classification is based on the development of the disease, and it includes the following categories:
Sputum Studies I: Gram Stain, cytology, and Acid-fast smear and culture01:26

Sputum Studies I: Gram Stain, cytology, and Acid-fast smear and culture

Sputum studies are a critical part of diagnosing and treating numerous respiratory conditions. These studies involve obtaining sputum samples for analysis to identify pathogenic organisms and assess the presence of abnormal cells indicative of malignant conditions. This lesson will delve into three fundamental sputum studies: Gram Stain, Cytology, and Acid-fast Smear and Culture.
Gram Stain
The Gram Stain is an integral part of sputum studies. It involves the staining of sputum, which permits...
Tuberculosis01:23

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health concern, primarily targeting the lungs and spreading through airborne transmission. Infection begins when aerosolized droplet nuclei, expelled by an individual with active TB, are inhaled by another person. These microscopic particles carry Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of TB. Upon reaching the alveoli, the bacilli are engulfed by alveolar macrophages. However, due to their specialized lipid-rich cell wall, these pathogens...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis V01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis V

Medical management of tuberculosis (TB) patients involves a comprehensive approach that includes diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. The specific strategies can vary depending on the type of tuberculosis (latent or active), the patient's overall health status, and other considerations.
Latent tuberculosis infection occurs when TB bacteria are present in a person's body, but are not causing illness or symptoms. It is not contagious, and preventive treatment is crucial to avoid the progression...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Primed Mycobacterial Uveitis (PMU) as a Model for Post-Infectious Uveitis
10:33

Primed Mycobacterial Uveitis (PMU) as a Model for Post-Infectious Uveitis

Published on: December 17, 2021

Ocular tuberculosis: a clinicopathologic and molecular study.

Keith J Wroblewski1, Ahmed A Hidayat, Ron C Neafie

  • 1Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, USA. Keith.Wroblewski@amedd.army.mil

Ophthalmology
|November 9, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Diagnosing ocular tuberculosis is challenging due to low organism detection rates. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) shows promise, but sensitivity remains limited, especially in high-risk patients.

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Published on: August 11, 2008

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Ocular tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis is often difficult due to the paucibacillary nature of the disease.
  • Clinical presentation and histopathology may not be definitive for ocular TB.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze clinical profiles, histopathologic findings, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test results in patients with ocular tuberculosis.
  • To evaluate the utility of PCR in diagnosing ocular TB.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective case series of 42 patients diagnosed with ocular tuberculosis.
  • Histopathologic review of ocular and extraocular tissues, including acid-fast staining.
  • Quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis on biopsy specimens to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA.
  • Review of tuberculin skin test (TST) and chest radiograph results.

Main Results:

  • Histopathology showed a paucity of organisms, often with only 1-2 bacilli near giant cells or necrosis.
  • qPCR performed on 6 biopsy specimens yielded positive results in 3 cases (50%).
  • In 2 of the 3 positive qPCR cases, acid-fast bacilli were not identified on tissue sections.
  • TST was positive in 60% of patients, and chest radiographs were normal in 57% of cases.

Conclusions:

  • Current diagnostic methods for ocular tuberculosis have limited sensitivity.
  • Ophthalmologists should consider ocular TB in high-risk populations (e.g., HIV-infected, immigrants from endemic areas, those on biologic therapy).
  • Collaboration with infectious disease specialists and pulmonologists is crucial for accurate diagnosis.