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Related Concept Videos

Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when presynaptic neurons...
Neuroplasticity01:01

Neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.
Long-term Depression01:03

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Calcium Ion Concentration Mechanism
If over time, all...
Long-term Depression01:05

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
The Role of Ion Channels in Neuronal Computation01:19

The Role of Ion Channels in Neuronal Computation

A postsynaptic neuron usually receives numerous impulses from several other presynaptic neurons. The axon hillock of the postsynaptic neuron integrates all these signals and determines the likelihood of firing an action potential.
Sometimes a single EPSP is strong enough to induce an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron. However, multiple presynaptic inputs must often create EPSPs around the same time for the postsynaptic neuron to be sufficiently depolarized to fire an action potential.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Induction of an Isoelectric Brain State to Investigate the Impact of Endogenous Synaptic Activity on Neuronal Excitability In Vivo
10:19

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Published on: March 31, 2016

Modulating neuronal activity produces specific and long-lasting changes in numerical competence.

Roi Cohen Kadosh1, Sonja Soskic, Teresa Iuculano

  • 1Department of Experimental Psychology and Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3UD, UK. roi.cohenkadosh@psy.ox.ac.uk

Current Biology : CB
|November 9, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Noninvasive brain stimulation using transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS) can improve numerical abilities. This method selectively enhances number processing and spatial mapping, offering a potential intervention for numerical disabilities.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Medical Engineering

Background:

  • Numerical disabilities affect a significant portion of the population.
  • Acquired numerical deficits can occur due to stroke or neurodegenerative diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the feasibility of using noninvasive brain stimulation to enhance numerical learning.
  • To determine if transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS) can selectively improve numerical abilities.

Main Methods:

  • Subjects underwent 6 days of training with artificial numerical symbols concurrently with TDCS applied to the parietal lobes.
  • Anodal and cathodal TDCS were used to modulate neuronal activity, targeting GABAergic and glutamatergic systems, respectively.
  • Control tasks were employed to assess the specificity of the stimulation effects.

Main Results:

  • TDCS polarity differentially affected the acquisition of automatic number processing and number-space mapping.
  • Improvements in numerical abilities were observed and persisted for at least 6 months post-intervention.
  • Control tasks confirmed that the observed effects were specific to the processing of artificial numerical symbols.

Conclusions:

  • TDCS can selectively enhance or impair numerical learning, demonstrating its potential as an intervention tool.
  • The specificity and long-lasting effects of TDCS suggest its utility for individuals with atypical numerical development or acquired numerical deficits.