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Related Concept Videos

Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
Inborn Errors of Metabolism01:20

Inborn Errors of Metabolism

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a protein metabolism disorder characterized by high blood levels of the amino acid phenylalanine. This results from a mutation in the gene responsible for phenylalanine hydroxylase, an enzyme that converts phenylalanine into tyrosine. When this enzyme is deficient, phenylalanine builds up in the blood, leading to symptoms such as vomiting, rashes, seizures, growth deficiency, and severe mental retardation. An early diagnosis and a diet restricting phenylalanine intake...
Nondisjunction01:29

Nondisjunction

During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
Nondisjunction01:21

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold sister...
Complementation Tests00:49

Complementation Tests

A complementation test is a simple cross to identify whether the two mutations are located on the same gene or different genes. It was first performed by Edward Lewis in the 1940s while working on fruit flies. He developed the test to identify the location and arrangement of different mutations on chromosomes.
Organisms heterozygous for different mutations are crossed pairwise in all combinations. If present on different genes, the mutations can complement each other by providing the missing...
Sex-linked Disorders01:43

Sex-linked Disorders

Like autosomes, sex chromosomes contain a variety of genes necessary for normal body function. When a mutation in one of these genes results in biological deficits, the disorder is considered sex-linked.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

A Pipeline to Characterize Structural Heart Defects in the Fetal Mouse
08:19

A Pipeline to Characterize Structural Heart Defects in the Fetal Mouse

Published on: December 16, 2022

Congenital abnormalities in production animals.

David L Williams1

  • 1Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK. doctordlwilliams@aol.com

The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food Animal Practice
|November 9, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Congenital anomalies in food animals are common. Research into genetic and environmental factors is crucial for understanding and preventing these birth defects in ruminants.

Area of Science:

  • Veterinary medicine
  • Animal genetics
  • Animal reproduction

Background:

  • Growing food animal populations necessitate understanding congenital anomalies.
  • Even low prevalence rates result in significant numbers of affected animals.
  • Accurate incidence requires dedicated investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the importance of investigating congenital abnormalities in ruminants.
  • To explore the genetic and environmental factors contributing to these conditions.
  • To showcase recent research opportunities in the field.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent research on congenital conditions in ruminants.
  • Analysis of genetic and environmental etiological factors.
  • Epidemiological investigation of anomaly incidence.

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A Pipeline to Characterize Structural Heart Defects in the Fetal Mouse
08:19

A Pipeline to Characterize Structural Heart Defects in the Fetal Mouse

Published on: December 16, 2022

In utero Measurement of Heart Rate in Mouse by Noninvasive M-mode Echocardiography
08:01

In utero Measurement of Heart Rate in Mouse by Noninvasive M-mode Echocardiography

Published on: November 22, 2013

Main Results:

  • Identified specific congenital conditions in food-producing ruminants.
  • Demonstrated the interplay of genetic predispositions and environmental influences.
  • Highlighted the need for targeted research to determine true incidence rates.

Conclusions:

  • Congenital anomalies pose a significant challenge in food animal production.
  • Further research integrating genetic and environmental perspectives is essential.
  • Understanding these factors can inform prevention and management strategies.