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Related Concept Videos

Influenza01:27

Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
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Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus, a small, non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family and Enterovirus genus. Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, often through ingestion of contaminated water or food. The virus initially replicates in the oropharynx and intestinal mucosa, particularly in lymphoid tissues such as the tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and regional lymph nodes. Primary viremia follows, allowing dissemination throughout the body.In most...
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease01:29

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a widespread pathogen that primarily targets infants and young children but also poses a serious health risk to elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Belonging to the Pneumoviridae family, RSV is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus within the Pneumovirus genus. Its global health burden is significant, with millions of cases annually resulting in hospitalizations and mortality, particularly in resource-limited settings. Although most...
Inhibitors Of Virion Release01:25

Inhibitors Of Virion Release

Viral replication and dissemination rely on efficient mechanisms for host cell entry, genome replication, assembly, and release. Influenza viruses, such as types A and B, are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome, that depend on two critical surface glycoproteins to carry out these processes: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). HA initiates infection by binding to sialic acid residues on the surface of host epithelial cells, facilitating receptor-mediated...

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Bovine parainfluenza-3 virus.

John A Ellis1

  • 1Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B4, Canada. john.ellis@usask.ca

The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food Animal Practice
|November 9, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Bovine parainfluenza-3 virus (bPI(3)V) causes mild respiratory illness in calves, often leading to severe secondary infections. Early intranasal vaccination followed by parenteral boosting offers the best protection against this endemic cattle disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Virology
  • Bovine Infectious Diseases
  • Immunoprophylaxis

Background:

  • Bovine parainfluenza-3 virus (bPI(3)V) is an endemic cattle infection.
  • Clinical signs are most severe in calves with inadequate passive immunity.
  • bPI(3)V contributes significantly to enzootic pneumonia and bovine respiratory disease (BRD).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the significance of bPI(3)V in cattle respiratory health.
  • To discuss diagnostic approaches and challenges.
  • To recommend optimal vaccination strategies for bPI(3)V prevention.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on bPI(3)V.
  • Analysis of clinical presentation and pathogenesis.
  • Evaluation of diagnostic techniques (virus isolation, IF testing).
  • Assessment of available vaccine efficacy.

Main Results:

  • bPI(3)V infection can lead to immunosuppression, increasing susceptibility to secondary pathogens.
  • Accurate diagnosis depends on critical timing of sample collection.
  • Modified live combination vaccines are available for parenteral and intranasal administration.

Conclusions:

  • Strategic vaccination, starting with intranasal priming in calfhood and followed by parenteral boosting, is proposed as the most effective immunoprophylactic approach.
  • Understanding bPI(3)V's role is crucial for managing respiratory disease complexes in cattle.
  • Further research may refine vaccination protocols and diagnostic accuracy.