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Related Concept Videos

Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.
Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...
The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and pro-apoptotic...
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the 20th century...

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LPS and ATP-induced Death of PMA-differentiated THP-1 Macrophages and its Validation
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Apoptosis: opening PANdora's BoX.

Christoph Peter1, Sebastian Wesselborg, Kirsten Lauber

  • 1Dept. of Internal Medicine I, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller-Str. 10, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany.

Current Biology : CB
|November 9, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dying cells release extracellular nucleotides, acting as signals to attract phagocytes. A new study reveals that the pannexin 1 protein is essential for this nucleotide release during apoptosis.

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Strategies for Tracking Anastasis, A Cell Survival Phenomenon that Reverses Apoptosis
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Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

LPS and ATP-induced Death of PMA-differentiated THP-1 Macrophages and its Validation
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LPS and ATP-induced Death of PMA-differentiated THP-1 Macrophages and its Validation

Published on: May 3, 2024

Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity
12:17

Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity

Published on: August 12, 2018

Strategies for Tracking Anastasis, A Cell Survival Phenomenon that Reverses Apoptosis
12:55

Strategies for Tracking Anastasis, A Cell Survival Phenomenon that Reverses Apoptosis

Published on: February 16, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Cellular biology
  • Immunology
  • Molecular mechanisms

Background:

  • Apoptotic cells release signals to recruit phagocytes for clearance.
  • Extracellular nucleotides are known 'find-me' signals in this process.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms of nucleotide release during apoptosis.
  • To identify key molecular players involved in this signaling pathway.

Main Methods:

  • Cell culture models of apoptosis.
  • Analysis of extracellular nucleotide levels.
  • Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of pannexin 1.

Main Results:

  • Confirmed the role of extracellular nucleotides in phagocyte recruitment during apoptosis.
  • Identified pannexin 1 as a critical hemichannel protein mediating nucleotide release.
  • Demonstrated that inhibiting pannexin 1 reduces nucleotide release and phagocyte attraction.

Conclusions:

  • Pannexin 1 is a key mediator of 'find-me' signal release from apoptotic cells.
  • Targeting pannexin 1 may offer novel therapeutic strategies for modulating immune responses.