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Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments
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When size matters: attention affects performance by contrast or response gain.

Katrin Herrmann1, Leila Montaser-Kouhsari, Marisa Carrasco

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Covert attention influences visual processing through contrast or response gain changes. The specific gain mechanism depends on stimulus size and spatial uncertainty, impacting behavioral performance.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Visual Perception

Background:

  • Covert attention, the selective processing of visual information without eye movements, enhances behavioral performance.
  • Previous research has yielded conflicting findings regarding the precise mechanisms by which attention modulates visual processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how exogenous (involuntary) and endogenous (voluntary) attention affect visual performance.
  • To determine the influence of stimulus size and spatial uncertainty on attentional modulation.
  • To reconcile contradictory findings on visual attention effects using a unified framework.

Main Methods:

  • A cueing task was employed with manipulated stimulus size and spatial uncertainty.
  • Stimulus contrast was varied to assess its interaction with attention.
  • A complementary neuroimaging experiment measured attention field size.

Main Results:

  • Behavioral performance changes indicated contrast gain for small stimuli with spatial uncertainty.
  • Response gain changes were observed for large stimuli without uncertainty and with distracters.
  • Neuroimaging confirmed wider attention fields when spatial uncertainty was present.

Conclusions:

  • Attentional effects manifest as either contrast or response gain changes, contingent on stimulus size and spatial uncertainty.
  • These findings support the normalization model of attention.
  • The study reconciles previously disparate observations on visual attention's impact.