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Phloem and Sugar Transport

Phloem and Sugar Transport

Like many living organisms, plants have tissues that specialize in specific plant functions. For example, shoots are well adapted to rapid growth, while roots are structured to acquire resources efficiently. However, sugar production is primarily restricted to the photosynthetic cells that reside in the leaves of angiosperm plants. Sugar and other resources are transported from photosynthetic tissues to other specialized tissues by a process called translocation.

The Apoplast and Symplast

The Apoplast and Symplast

Plant growth depends on its ability to take up water and dissolved minerals from the soil. The root system of every plant is equipped with the necessary tissues to facilitate the entry of water and solutes. The plant tissues involved in the transport of water and minerals have two major compartments - the apoplast and the symplast. The apoplast includes everything outside the plasma membrane of living cells and consists of cell walls, extracellular spaces, xylem, phloem, and tracheids. The...

Xylem and Transpiration-driven Transport of Resources

Xylem and Transpiration-driven Transport of Resources

The xylem of vascular plants distributes water and dissolved minerals that are taken up by the roots to the rest of the plant. The cells that transport xylem sap are dead upon maturity, and the movement of xylem sap is a passive process.

Short-distance Transport of Resources

Short-distance Transport of Resources

Short-distance transport refers to transport that occurs over a distance of just 2-3 cells, crossing the plasma membrane in the process. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse across the plasma membrane on their own. In contrast, ions and larger molecules require the assistance of transport proteins due to their charge or size. Transport across membranes also occurs within individual cells, playing a variety of essential roles for the plant as a whole.

Plasmodesmata

Plasmodesmata

In a multicellular organism, cells must communicate to work together in a coordinated manner. One way that cells communicate is through direct contact with other cells. The points of contact that connect adjacent cells are called intercellular junctions.
Intercellular junctions are a feature of fungal, plant, and animal cells. However, different types of junctions are found in different kinds of cells. Intercellular junctions found in animal cells include tight junctions, gap junctions, and...

Cell Adhesion in Plants

Cell Adhesion in Plants

Plants have rigid cell walls that are made up of cell wall polysaccharides that mediate cell-cell adhesion. The primary cell walls of plants consist of two independent and interacting polysaccharide networks: a pectin matrix that embeds the second network comprising cellulose and hemicelluloses.
Pectins are complex heteropolymers mainly composed of negatively-charged α-D-glucopyranosyl uronic acid and some neutral glycosyl residues such as α-L-rhamnopyranose, α-L-arabinofuranose, and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Collection and Analysis of Arabidopsis Phloem Exudates Using the EDTA-facilitated Method

Collection and Analysis of Arabidopsis Phloem Exudates Using the EDTA-facilitated Method

Published on: October 23, 2013

Macromolecules in phloem exudates--a review.

Craig A Atkins¹, Penny M C Smith, Caren Rodriguez-Medina

¹School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia. craig.atkins@uwa.edu.au

|November 9, 2010

Summary

Proteomic and transcriptomic analyses identified over 1,100 proteins and hundreds of transcripts in phloem exudates across multiple plant species. These macromolecules likely play roles in translocation and systemic signaling within plants.

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The Infiltration-centrifugation Technique for Extraction of Apoplastic Fluid from Plant Leaves Using Phaseolus vulgaris as an Example

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Collection and Analysis of Arabidopsis Phloem Exudates Using the EDTA-facilitated Method

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The Infiltration-centrifugation Technique for Extraction of Apoplastic Fluid from Plant Leaves Using Phaseolus vulgaris as an Example

The Infiltration-centrifugation Technique for Extraction of Apoplastic Fluid from Plant Leaves Using Phaseolus vulgaris as an Example

Published on: December 19, 2014

Area of Science:

Plant Biology
Molecular Biology
Genomics

Background:

Phloem exudates contain vital macromolecules involved in plant transport and signaling.
Genomic resources enable advanced proteomic and transcriptomic analyses of phloem contents.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify macromolecules in phloem exudates using proteomic and transcriptomic approaches.
To investigate the commonality and potential functions of these identified molecules across various plant species.

Main Methods:

Proteomic and transcriptomic analyses of phloem exudates.
Collection of exudates via vascular incisions and excised aphid stylets.
Examination of species including cereals, cucurbits, castor bean, Lupinus, brassicas, and Arabidopsis.

Main Results:

Identification of up to 1,100 proteins, hundreds of transcripts, and various small ribonucleic acids (RNAs), including micro-RNAs.
High degree of commonality in identified macromolecules across diverse plant species.
Discussion on potential contamination and functional roles of identified molecules.

Conclusions:

Phloem exudates are rich in diverse macromolecules with conserved presence across plant species.
Identified macromolecules likely mediate translocation and systemic signaling functions within plants.
Further research is needed to fully elucidate the roles and origins of these phloem-borne molecules.