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Related Concept Videos

Drug Therapy01:28

Drug Therapy

The advent of drug therapy has profoundly shaped modern mental health care, providing targeted treatments for a range of psychological disorders. Psychotherapeutic drugs, classified into antianxiety, antidepressant, and antipsychotic medications, address symptoms across anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and schizophrenia. While these medications have transformed patient outcomes, they require careful management due to their potential side effects and limitations.
Antianxiety Medications
Drug Dosage Regimen: Overview01:15

Drug Dosage Regimen: Overview

A drug dosage regimen describes the specific instructions and schedule for administering a drug to a patient. It considers factors such as drug dosage, frequency, route of administration, and duration of treatment. Designing an appropriate dosage regimen for a patient aims to achieve a target drug concentration at the site of action.
Typically, the starting dose and dosing interval are guided by the manufacturer's recommendations based on clinical trials conducted during and after drug...
Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents01:23

Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents

Atypical antidepressants, including bupropion (Wellbutrin), mirtazapine (Remeron), nefazodone (Serzone), trazodone (Desyrel), and vilazodone (Viibryd), offer unique mechanisms of action. Bupropion weakly inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake, aiding depression treatment and smoking cessation, with a low risk of sexual dysfunction. Mirtazapine enhances serotonin and norepinephrine neurotransmission, leading to sedation, increased appetite, and weight gain. As a result, it helps treat...
Antidepressant Drugs: Tricyclics, SSRIs, and SNRIs01:28

Antidepressant Drugs: Tricyclics, SSRIs, and SNRIs

Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs), including Desipramine (Norpramin), Imipramine (Tofranil), Clomipramine (Anafranil), and Amitriptyline (Elavil), inhibit serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake and also block other receptors. They are used for depression, pain conditions, and insomnia. Common adverse effects include anticholinergic effects, sedation, orthostatic hypotension, and weight gain. They have a narrow therapeutic window and so require plasma-level monitoring. Abrupt discontinuation can...
Drug Dosing: Geriatric Patients01:15

Drug Dosing: Geriatric Patients

Elderly individuals encompass a diverse population with varying degrees of age-related physiological changes. Defining the elderly presents challenges, as the geriatric population is often arbitrarily categorized as individuals older than 65. However, many individuals in this group lead active and healthy lives, with an increasing number surpassing 85 years and falling into the older elderly category. Physiological changes associated with aging impact performance capacity and homeostatic...
Rational Dosage Regimen: Maintenance Dose and Loading Dose01:24

Rational Dosage Regimen: Maintenance Dose and Loading Dose

A rational dosage regimen considers a drug's pharmacokinetics, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination from the body. By understanding these factors, the appropriate dosage can be determined, and the dosing schedule can be designed to achieve and maintain the desired therapeutic effect while minimizing adverse effects.
In most cases, drugs are administered repetitively or infused continuously to maintain a steady-state concentration in the body. At a steady state,...

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3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
10:39

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache

Published on: June 2, 2014

Update on medication-overuse headache.

Milena De Felice1, Michael H Ossipov, Frank Porreca

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724-5050, USA. defelice@email.arizona.edu

Current Pain and Headache Reports
|November 9, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Medication-overuse headache (MOH) arises from using pain relievers too often. Drug overuse can cause lasting changes in the nervous system, increasing headache frequency and intensity.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Medication-overuse headache (MOH) is a common complication in migraine patients using acute antimigraine medications frequently.
  • MOH is characterized by increased headache frequency, intensity, and heightened sensitivity to migraine triggers.
  • The precise mechanisms driving MOH development remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the development of medication-overuse headache.
  • To investigate the role of neuronal plasticity and altered central sensitization in MOH pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of preclinical studies examining the effects of opiates and triptans on neuronal pathways involved in pain processing.
  • Analysis of neuroadaptive changes in the trigeminal system and descending modulatory pathways following drug exposure.

Main Results:

  • Preclinical evidence suggests that chronic exposure to antimigraine drugs like opiates and triptans induces persistent, pronociceptive neuroadaptive changes in the trigeminal ganglia.
  • These drug-induced changes can lead to enhanced descending facilitatory influences, amplifying pain signals and contributing to hypersensitivity.
  • Impaired diffuse noxious inhibitory control may also play a role in the development of MOH.

Conclusions:

  • Persistent, pronociceptive adaptations in nociceptors and descending modulatory pathways are hypothesized to be key contributors to medication-overuse headache.
  • Understanding these neurobiological mechanisms may offer novel therapeutic targets for preventing or treating MOH.