Predictive validity of a continuous alternative to nominal subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder for...

Three subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) based on numbers of symptoms of inattention (I) and hyperactivity-impulsivity (HI) were defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.) to reduce heterogeneity of the disorder, but the subtypes proved to be highly unstable over time. A continuous alternative to nominal subtyping is evaluated in a longitudinal study of 129 four- to six-year-old children with ADHD and 130 comparison children. Children who met criteria for all subtypes in Year 1 continued to exhibit greater functional impairment than comparison children during Years 2 to 9. Among children with ADHD in Year 1, I and HI symptoms differentially predicted teacher-rated need for treatment and reading and mathematics achievement scores over the next 8 years in controlled analyses. Consistent with other studies, these findings suggest that the use of diagnostic modifiers specifying the numbers of I and HI symptoms could reduce heterogeneity and facilitate clinical intervention, prognosis, and research.