Primate chromosome evolution: with reference to marker order and neocentromeres

Establishing chromosomal homology in comparative cytogenetics remained speculative until the advent of molecular cytogenetics. Chromosome sorting by flow cytometry and degenerate oligonucleotide primed-PCR (DOP-PCR) brought a significant simplification and impetus to chromosome painting. Comparative chromosome painting has permitted reasonable hypotheses for ancestral karyotypes at many points on the phylogenetic tree of mammals. Derived associations often provided landmarks that showed the route evolution took. More recently hybridization with cloned DNA has provided information on intrachromosomal rearrangements. BAC-FISH allows marker order, in addition to syntenies and associations, to be added to the ancestral karyotypes. Comparisons of marker order across species revealed that centromere shifts (evolutionary new centromeres) are frequent and important phenomena of chromosome evolution. Further comparison between evolutionary new centromeres and clinical neocentromeres shows that an evolutionary perspective can provide compelling, underlying, explicative grounds for contemporary genomic phenomena.