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Related Concept Videos

Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...
Unsymmetric Bending - Angle of Neutral Axis01:15

Unsymmetric Bending - Angle of Neutral Axis

Unsymmetrical bending occurs when a structural member is subjected to bending moments in a plane that does not align with the member's principal axes. This scenario typically arises in beams and other structural components when loads are applied at non-ideal angles, introducing complexities in stress analysis.
When a bending moment is applied at an angle θ concerning the vertical axis of a symmetrical member, it can be resolved into components along the member's principal centroidal axes. The...
Anatomical Movements00:51

Anatomical Movements

Anatomical movements refer to the various actions or motions that can be performed by the body's joints and muscles. These movements are described using specific terms to provide a standardized way of discussing and understanding the range of motion at different joints.
Here are some common anatomical movements:
Flexion and extension motions are in the sagittal (anterior–posterior) plane of motion. These movements take place at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist, metacarpophalangeal,...
Articulations of the Vertebral Column01:28

Articulations of the Vertebral Column

In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
Introduction to Joints00:58

Introduction to Joints

The adult human body usually has 206 bones, and except for the hyoid bone in the neck, each bone is connected to at least one other bone. Joints are the location where bones come together. Many joints allow for movement between the bones. At these joints, the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones can move smoothly against each other. However, the bones of other joints may be joined by connective tissue or cartilage. These joints are designed for stability and provide little or no movement.
Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondrosis
A synchondrosis ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Synchondrosis may be temporary or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Construction of a Realistic, Whole-Body, Three-Dimensional Equine Skeletal Model using Computed Tomography Data
11:09

Construction of a Realistic, Whole-Body, Three-Dimensional Equine Skeletal Model using Computed Tomography Data

Published on: February 25, 2021

Variation in frontal plane joint angles in horses.

V E Unt1, J Evans, S R Reed

  • 1Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK. vunt@rvc.ac.uk

Equine Veterinary Journal. Supplement
|November 10, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Locomotion significantly alters equine limb joint angles, with metacarpophalangeal joints changing from valgus to varus during gait changes. These findings highlight the importance of dynamic evaluation for equine conformation and orthopaedic health.

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In Vivo Quantification of Hip Arthrokinematics during Dynamic Weight-bearing Activities using Dual Fluoroscopy
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Construction of a Realistic, Whole-Body, Three-Dimensional Equine Skeletal Model using Computed Tomography Data
11:09

Construction of a Realistic, Whole-Body, Three-Dimensional Equine Skeletal Model using Computed Tomography Data

Published on: February 25, 2021

Three-Dimensional Preoperative Virtual Planning in Derotational Proximal Femoral Osteotomy
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Published on: February 17, 2023

In Vivo Quantification of Hip Arthrokinematics during Dynamic Weight-bearing Activities using Dual Fluoroscopy
07:43

In Vivo Quantification of Hip Arthrokinematics during Dynamic Weight-bearing Activities using Dual Fluoroscopy

Published on: July 2, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Equine biomechanics
  • Orthopaedic research
  • Veterinary science

Background:

  • Equine conformation is crucial for athletic performance and orthopaedic disease resistance.
  • Conformation is typically assessed in standing horses, but gait influences joint angles.
  • Increasing speed during locomotion amplifies ground reaction forces.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of locomotion on the frontal plane angulation of equine carpus, tarsus, and metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints.
  • To test the hypothesis that valgus/varus angulation of these joints changes during movement.

Main Methods:

  • Kinematic data were collected from two horse groups while standing, walking, and trotting.
  • Changes in joint angles (carpus, tarsus, MCP, MTP) were calculated between standing and midstance phases.
  • Comparisons were made between left/right limbs, gaits, and inter/intrahorse variations were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Significant differences in joint angles were found between horse groups and forelimbs.
  • The MCP joint shifted from valgus to varus between walk and trot.
  • Tarsus and MTP joints showed increased valgus, and the carpus increased valgus from standing to walk.
  • Interhorse variation was significant, while intrahorse variation was not; gait variations were minimal.

Conclusions:

  • Kinematic measurement of equine joint angles during walking and trotting is validated.
  • Interhorse variation in joint angles is greater than intrahorse variation.
  • Observed increases in joint angles from standing to walking and trotting require further investigation for clinical relevance.