Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...

Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly

Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly

As part of their replication cycle, certain viruses synthesize long precursor proteins called polyproteins within infected host cells. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), two major polyproteins are produced: Gag and Gag-Pol. The Gag polyprotein supplies the structural components of the virus, while Gag-Pol includes essential viral enzymes such as reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease. After synthesis, these polyproteins move to the host cell membrane, where they assemble into an...

Antimicrobial Proteins

Antimicrobial Proteins

Antimicrobial proteins are important components of the immune system. They aid the body in combating pathogens by either killing them directly or hindering their replication processes. Four main types of antimicrobial substances are interferons, the complement system, iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins.
Interferons
Interferons (IFNs) are proteins produced by lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts infected with viruses. While IFNs cannot prevent viruses from entering and...

Viral Structure

Viral Structure

Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.

Inhibitors Of Virion Release

Inhibitors Of Virion Release

Viral replication and dissemination rely on efficient mechanisms for host cell entry, genome replication, assembly, and release. Influenza viruses, such as types A and B, are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome, that depend on two critical surface glycoproteins to carry out these processes: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). HA initiates infection by binding to sialic acid residues on the surface of host epithelial cells, facilitating receptor-mediated...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

The p48 isoform of the PA2G4/EBP1/ITAF45 oncoprotein is required for the encephalomyocarditis virus IRES-driven translation initiation.

Nucleic acids research·2025

Same author

Existence and significance of viral nonreplicative RNA recombination.

PLoS biology·2023

Same author

Non-Canonical Translation Initiation Mechanisms Employed by Eukaryotic Viral mRNAs.

Biochemistry. Biokhimiia·2021

Same author

The Baltimore Classification of Viruses 50 Years Later: How Does It Stand in the Light of Virus Evolution?

Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR·2021

Same author

Polio eradication at the crossroads.

The Lancet. Global health·2021

Same author

Phlebovirus sequences detected in ticks collected in Russia: Novel phleboviruses, distinguishing criteria and high tick specificity.

Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases·2020

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production

Published on: March 2, 2014

Viral security proteins: counteracting host defences.

Vadim I Agol¹, Anatoly P Gmyl

¹M. P. Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 142782, Russia. agol@belozersky.msu.ru

Nature Reviews. Microbiology

|November 10, 2010

Summary

Picornavirus security proteins L and 2A, though unrelated, are crucial for viral reproduction and pathogenicity. Understanding these dedicated counter-defensive proteins offers insights into viral evolution and host-pathogen interactions.

More Related Videos

Dissecting Host-virus Interaction in Lytic Replication of a Model Herpesvirus

Dissecting Host-virus Interaction in Lytic Replication of a Model Herpesvirus

Published on: October 7, 2011

Analysis of Group IV Viral SSHHPS Using In Vitro and In Silico Methods

Analysis of Group IV Viral SSHHPS Using In Vitro and In Silico Methods

Published on: December 21, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production

Published on: March 2, 2014

Dissecting Host-virus Interaction in Lytic Replication of a Model Herpesvirus

Dissecting Host-virus Interaction in Lytic Replication of a Model Herpesvirus

Published on: October 7, 2011

Analysis of Group IV Viral SSHHPS Using In Vitro and In Silico Methods

Analysis of Group IV Viral SSHHPS Using In Vitro and In Silico Methods

Published on: December 21, 2019

Area of Science:

Virology
Molecular Biology
Immunology

Background:

Viral infections rely on interactions with host defenses.
Viral proteins often counteract host defenses.
A specialized class of viral proteins, termed security proteins, are dedicated to this counter-defense role.

Purpose of the Study:

To discuss the properties of picornavirus security proteins L and 2A.
To examine the impact of security proteins L, 2A, and L(*) on viral reproduction, pathogenicity, and evolution.
To propose the concept of security proteins as a paradigm for other viruses' dedicated counter-defensive proteins.

Main Methods:

Analysis of viral polyprotein structure.
Biochemical characterization of viral proteins.
Assessment of viral reproduction, pathogenicity, and evolution.

Main Results:

Picornavirus security proteins L and 2A are structurally and biochemically unrelated.
These proteins play critical roles in viral reproduction, pathogenicity, and evolution.
The protein L(*) is also considered within the security protein class.

Conclusions:

The concept of security proteins provides a framework for understanding dedicated viral counter-defensive mechanisms.
Further research into these proteins can illuminate viral evasion strategies.
This classification may extend to security proteins in other viral families.