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Propagation of Waves

Propagation of Waves

When a wave propagates from one medium to another, part of it may get reflected in the first medium, and part of it may get transmitted to the second medium. In such a case, the interface of the two mediums can be considered as a boundary that is neither fixed nor free.
Consider a scenario where a wave propagates from a string of low linear mass density to a string of high linear mass density. In such a case, the reflected wave is out of phase with respect to the incident wave, however the...

Propagation Speed of Electromagnetic Waves

Propagation Speed of Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves are consistent with Ampere's law. Assuming there is no conduction current Ampere's law is given as:

Lossy Lines and Overvoltages

Lossy Lines and Overvoltages

Transmission-line series resistance and shunt conductance cause three primary effects: attenuation, distortion, and power losses.
Attenuation
When constant series resistance and shunt conductance are present, voltage and current equations are modified. The propagation constant indicates that voltage and current waves consist of both forward and backward traveling components. These waves attenuate as they propagate, with the attenuation factor related to the resistance and conductance. In a...

Traveling Waves: Lossless Lines

Traveling Waves: Lossless Lines

The provided content explores the behavior of traveling waves on single-phase lossless transmission lines. It begins with a single-phase two-wire lossless transmission line of length Δx, characterized by a loop inductance LH/m and a line-to-line capacitance C F/m. These parameters result in a series inductance LΔx and a shunt capacitance CΔx.

Lossless Lines

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Standing Waves in a Cavity

Standing Waves in a Cavity

A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Fabrication And Characterization Of Photonic Crystal Slow Light Waveguides And Cavities

Fabrication And Characterization Of Photonic Crystal Slow Light Waveguides And Cavities

Published on: November 30, 2012

Propagation losses in a potassium-ion-exchanged waveguide with a superstrate.

O G Hellesø, P Benech, R Rimet

|November 10, 2010

Summary

Optical waveguide propagation losses are significantly reduced by using a superstrate with a higher refractive index. This finding is crucial for improving optical communication efficiency.

Area of Science:

Optics
Materials Science

Background:

Optical waveguides are essential components in photonic integrated circuits.
Minimizing signal loss during light propagation is critical for device performance.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the effect of superstrate refractive index on optical waveguide propagation losses.
To quantify the reduction in losses achievable with optimized superstrate materials.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of a 72-cm-long channel waveguide using potassium ion exchange in microscope slides.
Measurement of propagation losses with air and a liquid superstrate (refractive index 1.46).

Main Results:

Propagation losses decreased from 0.4 dB/cm (air superstrate) to 0.28 dB/cm (liquid superstrate).

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Fabrication And Characterization Of Photonic Crystal Slow Light Waveguides And Cavities

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A reduction of approximately 30% in propagation loss was observed.

Conclusions:

The refractive index of the superstrate significantly impacts optical waveguide propagation losses.
Utilizing a superstrate with a carefully selected refractive index can enhance waveguide performance and reduce signal attenuation.