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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development
08:33

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

Published on: June 6, 2014

Analysis of thyroid response element activity during retinal development.

Nathan A Billings1, Mark M Emerson, Constance L Cepko

  • 1Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.

Plos One
|November 10, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid hormone (TH) signaling in retinal development is complex. Reporter genes revealed TH-dependent and independent responses in different retinal cells, highlighting intricate transcriptional regulation.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Thyroid hormone (TH) plays a crucial role in vertebrate development, including the central nervous system.
  • Retinal development involves dynamic spatial and temporal expression of TH signaling components.
  • Understanding how retinal cells respond transcriptionally to TH is essential for elucidating developmental processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the competence of developing retinal cells to respond transcriptionally to TH.
  • To characterize the spatial and cell-type specific patterns of TH-driven gene expression in the retina.
  • To explore the roles of known thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) in mediating these responses.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized reporter gene assays (GFP and PLAP) containing thyroid response elements (TREs) introduced into developing retinal tissue.
  • Tested TRE activity in vitro and in vivo in the developing retina.
  • Employed short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) targeting TRα and TRβ to probe receptor function.

Main Results:

  • Six of seven tested TREs demonstrated TH-dependent activity in vitro.
  • In the developing retina, TREs exhibited both TH-dependent and TH-independent activities in a cell-type specific manner.
  • Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) mediated both activation (in outer nuclear layer and outer neuroblastic layer) and repression (in outer neuroblastic layer) of TREs in a spatially regulated fashion.
  • Evidence suggests non-TRs can also regulate TRE activity in a spatially specific manner.

Conclusions:

  • Developing retinal cells exhibit complex transcriptional responses to TH, varying by cell type and spatial location.
  • Both known TRs and potentially non-TRs contribute to TH-mediated transcriptional regulation in the retina.
  • These findings provide a foundation for understanding TH's role in retinal development and the complexity of transcriptional control in vivo.