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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...

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Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Multimodal Approach to Assess Bone Regeneration and Scaffold Performance

Multimodal Approach to Assess Bone Regeneration and Scaffold Performance

Published on: February 13, 2026

A systems approach to bone pathophysiology.

Aaron J Weiss¹, Azi Lipshtat, Jeffrey I Mechanick

¹Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Disease, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

|November 11, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Systems biology offers a new approach to understanding complex biological systems beyond reductionism. This review explores physiomics and its application to bone pathophysiology, presenting a bone-centric model.

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Models of Bone Metastasis

Models of Bone Metastasis

Published on: September 4, 2012

Area of Science:

Systems biology
Physiomics
Bone pathophysiology

Background:

Reductionist approaches may not fully capture biological complexity.
High-throughput data analysis across genomic, proteomic, metabolomic, and physiomic levels is advancing.
Physiomic approaches integrate subsystem coupling across spatiotemporal scales.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the concept of systems biology and its applications to bone pathophysiology.
To present a bone-centric physiome model.
To highlight the therapeutic implications of systemic-level processes.

Main Methods:

Review of systems biology concepts.
Application of physiomic-level approaches.
Development of a bone-centric physiome model.

Main Results:

Systems biology and physiomics offer a framework to address biological complexity.
A bone-centric physiome model integrates systemic processes.
This approach identifies indirect physiological connections and potential therapeutic targets.

Conclusions:

Systems biology provides a powerful paradigm shift from reductionism.
Physiomics enables a holistic understanding of bone pathophysiology.
The presented bone-centric model has significant therapeutic implications for bone diseases.