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Lattice Centering and Coordination Number02:33

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
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The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
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Updated: Jun 6, 2026

A Protocol for Detecting and Scavenging Gas-phase Free Radicals in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke
09:23

A Protocol for Detecting and Scavenging Gas-phase Free Radicals in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke

Published on: January 2, 2012

When there's smoke there's.....CCN2.

Andrew Leask1

  • 1Department of Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada NGA 5C1.

Journal of Cell Communication and Signaling
|November 11, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nicotine from smoking may cause oral fibrosis by increasing collagen production in gingival fibroblasts. This effect is mediated by connective tissue growth factor (CCN2), also known as CTGF.

Keywords:
Betel nutsCTGFGingivaNicotineOral fibrosisSmoking

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Impact Assessment of Repeated Exposure of Organotypic 3D Bronchial and Nasal Tissue Culture Models to Whole Cigarette Smoke
09:50

Impact Assessment of Repeated Exposure of Organotypic 3D Bronchial and Nasal Tissue Culture Models to Whole Cigarette Smoke

Published on: February 12, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Oral biology
  • Connective tissue research
  • Fibrosis mechanisms

Background:

  • Smoking is a known cause of oral fibrosis.
  • The direct mechanism by which nicotine induces fibrosis is not fully understood.
  • Gingival fibroblasts play a key role in periodontal tissue remodeling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether nicotine directly stimulates collagen production in human gingival fibroblasts.
  • To determine the role of CCN2 (connective tissue growth factor, CTGF) in nicotine-induced collagen production.

Main Methods:

  • Gingival fibroblasts were treated with nicotine.
  • CCN2 (CTGF) levels were measured in response to nicotine.
  • The effect of a neutralizing CCN2 antibody on nicotine-induced collagen production was assessed.

Main Results:

  • Nicotine exposure led to elevated levels of CCN2 (CTGF) in gingival fibroblasts.
  • A neutralizing CCN2 antibody significantly reduced nicotine's ability to promote collagen production.

Conclusions:

  • Nicotine directly stimulates collagen production in gingival fibroblasts.
  • CCN2 (CTGF) is a key mediator in the process of nicotine-induced periodontal fibrosis.
  • These findings suggest a specific molecular pathway linking smoking to oral fibrosis.