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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the 20th century...
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and pro-apoptotic...
Cellular Injury IlI: Cellular Death01:11

Cellular Injury IlI: Cellular Death

Cell death is the irreversible loss of cellular structure and function, representing the final stage of severe injury. It plays a key role in both normal physiology and disease.Types of Cell DeathThe two main types are necrosis and apoptosis, though others like necroptosis and pyroptosis also exist.Necrosis:Necrosis is an unregulated form of cell death caused by severe injury such as trauma, toxins, or ischemia. It is characterized by cell swelling, membrane loss, rupture, and leakage of...
Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...
Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.

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Related Experiment Video

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Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death
09:18

Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death

Published on: December 27, 2016

Noisy-threshold control of cell death.

Jose M G Vilar1

  • 1Biophysics Unit, CSIC-UPV/EHU and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country, PO Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain. j.vilar@ikerbasque.org

BMC Systems Biology
|November 12, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Cellular adaptation to death signals involves variability and threshold control. Oncogenes like Bcl-xL actively regulate this cell-cell variability and adaptation extent.

Area of Science:

  • Cellular and Molecular Biology
  • Immunology
  • Systems Biology

Background:

  • Cellular responses to death stimuli involve distinct phases: lag, extensive death, and adaptation.
  • Dysregulation of these cellular events contributes to various diseases.
  • Improper adaptation allows cell survival under lethal conditions, leading to therapeutic failure, particularly in cancer treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the underlying mechanisms of cellular adaptation to death-promoting stimuli.
  • To model the quantitative aspects of T-cell apoptosis and adaptation.
  • To explore the role of intracellular variability and threshold-based control in cellular responses.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a quantitative model for T-cell apoptosis.

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In Vivo Biosensor Tracks Non-apoptotic Caspase Activity in Drosophila
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In Vivo Biosensor Tracks Non-apoptotic Caspase Activity in Drosophila

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Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death
09:18

Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death

Published on: December 27, 2016

Use of LysoTracker to Detect Programmed Cell Death in Embryos and Differentiating Embryonic Stem Cells
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In Vivo Biosensor Tracks Non-apoptotic Caspase Activity in Drosophila
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  • Integration of intracellular variability with a threshold-based control mechanism.
  • Analysis of experimental data for varying expression levels of the oncogene Bcl-xL.

    • Main Results:

    • Cellular responses naturally emerge from the interaction of intracellular variability and threshold-based control.
    • The model accurately predicts experimental observations for different Bcl-xL expression levels.
    • Adaptation is linked to cellular noise and an ATP threshold, below which cells undergo apoptosis.

    Conclusions:

    • Oncogenes such as Bcl-xL play a role beyond regulating cell death rates.
    • Bcl-xL actively controls cell-cell variability and the degree of adaptation.
    • Understanding these mechanisms offers insights into disease pathogenesis and therapeutic resistance.