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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Chemical Reactions01:23

Introduction to Chemical Reactions

All chemical reactions begin with a reactant, the general term for one or more substances entering the reaction. Sodium and chloride ions, for example, are the reactants in the production of table salt. One or more substances produced by a chemical reaction are called the product. Chemical reactions follow the law of conservation of mass, which means that matter cannot be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. The components of the reactants—the number of atoms and the elements—are all...
Respiration Pathways01:26

Respiration Pathways

Cellular respiration is a fundamental metabolic process that enables organisms to generate energy from organic molecules. One of its central pathways is the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, which plays a crucial role in energy production and biosynthetic processes.Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoAThe pyruvate generated from glycolysis undergoes oxidative decarboxylation by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, producing acetyl-CoA, one molecule of NADH, and one...
Redox Reactions01:27

Redox Reactions

Redox reactions are vital biochemical processes that underpin energy metabolism in cells. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules, occurring in tandem as oxidation and reduction. Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons, while reduction denotes their gain. This coupling ensures the seamless flow of electrons through metabolic pathways. For example, in bacterial metabolism, glucose undergoes oxidation to carbon dioxide, while oxygen is simultaneously reduced to...
Redox Reactions01:24

Redox Reactions

Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...
Coupled Reactions01:17

Coupled Reactions

Cellular processes such as building and breaking down complex molecules occur through stepwise chemical reactions. Some of these chemical reactions are spontaneous and release energy, whereas others require energy to proceed. Cells often couple the energy-releasing reaction with the energy-requiring one to carry out important cell functions. 
Energy in adenosine triphosphate or ATP molecules is easily accessible to do work. ATP powers the majority of energy-requiring cellular reactions. Cells...
Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

A Web Tool for Generating High Quality Machine-readable Biological Pathways
08:01

A Web Tool for Generating High Quality Machine-readable Biological Pathways

Published on: February 8, 2017

Reactome: a database of reactions, pathways and biological processes.

David Croft1, Gavin O'Kelly, Guanming Wu

  • 1European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK.

Nucleic Acids Research
|November 12, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Reactome offers an updated bioinformatics database with enhanced tools for analyzing human biological pathways and reactions. This resource now integrates molecular interaction data and supports pathway analysis across multiple species.

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Area of Science:

  • Bioinformatics
  • Systems Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Reactome is a collaborative, open-source bioinformatics database detailing human pathways and reactions.
  • Recent development of an improved website enhances pathway browsing and data analysis capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present the updated Reactome website and its advanced tools for pathway analysis.
  • To expand pathway data accessibility and analysis for non-human species.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing Systems Biology Graphical Notation (SBGN) for pathway visualization in the Pathway Browser.
  • Integrating PSIQUIC web services to overlay curated pathways with molecular interaction data from various databases.
  • Employing orthology-based inference using Ensembl Compara for pathway reconstruction in 20 non-human species.

Main Results:

  • The new Reactome website features an improved Pathway Browser with zooming, scrolling, and event highlighting.
  • Pathway and Expression Analysis tools facilitate ID mapping, pathway assignment, and overrepresentation analysis.
  • Inferred pathway sets for 20 additional species are available, along with a Species Comparison tool.

Conclusions:

  • The updated Reactome platform provides a comprehensive and user-friendly resource for biological pathway exploration and analysis.
  • Enhanced cross-species analysis capabilities facilitate comparative systems biology research.
  • Ongoing collaborations aim to expand manually curated datasets for additional species within the Reactome framework.