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Related Concept Videos

Thermosensation01:43

Thermosensation

Peripheral thermosensation is the perception of external temperature. A change in temperature (on the surface of the skin and other tissues) is detected by a family of temperature-sensitive ion channels called Transient Receptor Potential, or TRP, receptors. These receptors are located on free nerve endings. Those detecting cold temperatures are closer to the surface of the skin than the nerve endings detecting warmth. These thermoTRP channels, while temperature selective, have relatively...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Repressible Operon: trp Operon01:21

Repressible Operon: trp Operon

The trp operon in Escherichia coli exemplifies a repressible operon. It regulates the synthesis of tryptophan through repressor-mediated transcriptional control and attenuation. This dual regulatory mechanism ensures tryptophan biosynthesis occurs only when needed, conserving cellular resources.Structure of the trp OperonThe trp operon consists of five structural genes (trpE, trpD, trpC, trpB, and trpA) that encode enzymes for tryptophan biosynthesis. These genes are transcribed as a single...
Responses to Heat and Cold Stress02:45

Responses to Heat and Cold Stress

Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.
Adrenergic Receptors: β Subtype01:26

Adrenergic Receptors: β Subtype

β-adrenoceptors have varied sensitivities towards adrenaline, noradrenaline, and isoprenaline. The order of agonist potency is as follows:
Isoprenaline > Adrenaline > Noradrenaline
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β1-adrenoceptors: β1-adrenoceptors have equal affinities for...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions01:29

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

A Simple and Inexpensive Method for Determining Cold Sensitivity and Adaptation in Mice
08:35

A Simple and Inexpensive Method for Determining Cold Sensitivity and Adaptation in Mice

Published on: March 17, 2015

TRPA1 contributes to cold hypersensitivity.

Donato del Camino1, Sarah Murphy, Melissa Heiry

  • 1Hydra Biosciences, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. ddelcamino@hydrabiosciences.com

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|November 12, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mild cooling amplifies TRPA1 channel activity when agonists are present, suggesting TRPA1 (Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1) mediates cold hypersensitivity in inflammatory conditions, not acute cold sensation.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

A Simple and Inexpensive Method for Determining Cold Sensitivity and Adaptation in Mice
08:35

A Simple and Inexpensive Method for Determining Cold Sensitivity and Adaptation in Mice

Published on: March 17, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Pain Research

Background:

  • Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channels are expressed in nociceptors.
  • TRPA1 is recognized as an irritancy receptor for reactive chemicals.
  • The role of TRPA1 in cold sensation is debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of TRPA1 in cold sensation.
  • To determine if TRPA1 mediates cold hypersensitivity in pathological pain states.

Main Methods:

  • Electrophysiological recordings of rat TRPA1 currents under varying temperatures and agonist stimulation.
  • Induction of cold hypersensitivity in wild-type and Trpa1 knockout mice via TRPA1 agonist administration.
  • Assessment of TRPA1 antagonist HC-030031 efficacy in rodent pain models.

Main Results:

  • Mild cooling significantly increased agonist-evoked TRPA1 currents.
  • Noxious cold alone caused only a minor increase in TRPA1 current amplitude without agonists.
  • Cold hypersensitivity was induced by a TRPA1 agonist in wild-type mice but not in Trpa1(-/-) mice.
  • The TRPA1 antagonist HC-030031 reduced cold hypersensitivity in inflammatory and neuropathic pain models.

Conclusions:

  • TRPA1 plays a significant role in cold hypersensitivity, particularly in pathological conditions involving reactive oxygen species and inflammatory activators.
  • TRPA1's contribution to acute cold sensation appears minimal.
  • TRPA1 antagonism represents a potential therapeutic strategy for managing cold-related pain hypersensitivity.