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Introduction to Psychological Disorders

Abnormal behavior, often referred to as mental illness, results from changes in brain function that influence thought patterns, behaviors, and social interactions. Psychologists and psychiatrists typically assess abnormal behavior using three primary criteria: deviance, maladaptation, and personal distress, particularly when these traits persist over long periods.
Deviant Behavior
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Related Experiment Video

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Clinical-oriented Three-dimensional Gait Analysis Method for Evaluating Gait Disorder
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[Walking abnormalities in children].

Masaya Segawa1

  • 1Segawa Neurological Clinic for Children, Tokyo, Japan.

Brain and Nerve = Shinkei Kenkyu No Shinpo
|November 12, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Locomotion development, including walking, is linked to sleep-wake cycles and specific brain activity. Failures in early motor development, like walking, can lead to later cognitive issues.

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Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Clinical-oriented Three-dimensional Gait Analysis Method for Evaluating Gait Disorder
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Published on: March 4, 2018

Screening People on Standing Balance with Romberg Testing and Walking Balance with Tandem Walking
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Published on: September 1, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Motor Control

Context:

  • Locomotion development is crucial for overall child development.
  • The sleep-wake cycle significantly influences motor milestones.
  • Specific neuronal pathways involving serotonin and dopamine are key to motor control.

Purpose:

  • To elucidate the developmental epochs of locomotion tied to the sleep-wake cycle.
  • To investigate the neurobiological underpinnings of motor development disorders.
  • To establish the link between early locomotion deficits and later cortical dysfunction.

Summary:

  • Locomotion, or walking, develops through three epochs influenced by the sleep-wake cycle and serotonergic (5HT) neurons.
  • Disorders like infantile autism, Rett syndrome, and Tourette syndrome are associated with failures in specific developmental epochs.
  • Pathophysiology involves REM sleep atonia, pedunculopontine nucleus dysfunction, and dopamine (DA) hypofunction, impacting cortical development.

Impact:

  • Early detection of locomotion failure is critical for intervention.
  • Environmental adjustments can prevent higher cortical dysfunction.
  • Understanding these links aids in diagnosing and managing neurodevelopmental disorders.