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Gas Chromatography: Sample Injection Systems

Gas Chromatography: Sample Injection Systems

In gas chromatography, the sample is introduced as a vapor plug into the carrier gas stream for high efficiency and resolution. A microsyringe injects the sample solution into a heated sample port, vaporizing it and mixing it with the carrier gas. This process is important to ensure the sample is properly prepared for analysis. Thermally sensitive samples can be injected directly into the column and volatilized by slowly increasing the column temperature.
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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II

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In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Improving High Viscosity Extrusion of Microcrystals for Time-resolved Serial Femtosecond Crystallography at X-ray Lasers

Improving High Viscosity Extrusion of Microcrystals for Time-resolved Serial Femtosecond Crystallography at X-ray Lasers

Published on: February 28, 2019

Hot injection dynamics: design mechanisms and ideas.

Gil Katz¹, Mark A Ratner, Ronnie Kosloff

¹Fritz Haber Research Center for Molecular Dynamics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel. gkatz@afmilk.co.il

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A

|November 13, 2010

Summary

This study introduces a quantum mechanical model for efficient photon energy capture in molecules. It enables rational design of electronic states to enhance solar energy absorption and storage.

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Improving High Viscosity Extrusion of Microcrystals for Time-resolved Serial Femtosecond Crystallography at X-ray Lasers

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Picoinjection of Microfluidic Drops Without Metal Electrodes

Picoinjection of Microfluidic Drops Without Metal Electrodes

Published on: April 18, 2014

Area of Science:

Quantum mechanics
Photochemistry
Materials science

Background:

Efficient capture and storage of photon energy are crucial for renewable energy technologies.
Molecular systems offer tunable properties for light harvesting applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To present a minimal quantum mechanical model for efficient molecular photon energy capture.
To enable the rational design of molecular systems for improved solar energy harvesting.

Main Methods:

Development of a minimal quantum mechanical model.
Construction of a model comprising a bright electronic state and an acceptor excited state.
Analysis of design factors through illustrative examples.

Main Results:

The model facilitates the design of electronic states for enhanced solar energy capture.
Key design factors influencing energy capture efficiency are identified and analyzed.
The model provides a framework for optimizing molecular light-harvesting systems.

Conclusions:

The presented quantum mechanical model offers a pathway for designing efficient molecular light harvesters.
Rational design of bright and acceptor states is key to improving solar energy capture.
This model can guide the development of advanced materials for solar energy conversion.