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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Metabolism01:19

Regulation of Metabolism

Cellular needs and conditions vary from cell to cell and change within individual cells over time. For example, the required enzymes and energetic demands of stomach cells are different from those of fat storage cells, skin cells, blood cells, and nerve cells. Furthermore, a digestive cell works much harder to process and break down nutrients during the time that closely follows a meal compared with many hours after a meal. As these cellular demands and conditions vary, so do the amounts and...
Parentral Nutrition: Centeral and Peripheral Parental Nutrition01:27

Parentral Nutrition: Centeral and Peripheral Parental Nutrition

Parenteral Nutrition (PN) delivers essential nutrients directly into the bloodstream, bypassing the digestive system. It is commonly used for individuals with severe digestive disorders or conditions that prevent normal nutrient absorption.
PN can be administered through two primary routes:
1. Central Parenteral Nutrition (CPN):
CPN involves delivering a high concentration of nutrients through a large vein. This is typically achieved using a Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter (PICC) or,...
Introduction to Metabolism01:30

Introduction to Metabolism

Metabolism encompasses all biochemical reactions in a living organism, facilitating both the breakdown and synthesis of biomolecules. These metabolic processes are categorized into catabolic and anabolic pathways, which operate in a coordinated manner to ensure energy balance and cellular function.Catabolic Pathways and Energy ReleaseCatabolic pathways involve the breakdown of complex macromolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins into smaller structures like monosaccharides, fatty...
Metabolic States of the Body: Fasting and Starvation01:24

Metabolic States of the Body: Fasting and Starvation

During the initial hours of fasting, the body uses up its glycogen stores as an energy source. Once these glycogen reserves are depleted, the body begins breaking down stored triglycerides and structural proteins. During this stage, glycerol becomes a key substrate for gluconeogenesis, while free fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation to provide energy for tissues, such as skeletal muscle. In the fasting state, the body spares protein breakdown as much as possible to conserve muscle and structural...
Inborn Errors of Metabolism01:20

Inborn Errors of Metabolism

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a protein metabolism disorder characterized by high blood levels of the amino acid phenylalanine. This results from a mutation in the gene responsible for phenylalanine hydroxylase, an enzyme that converts phenylalanine into tyrosine. When this enzyme is deficient, phenylalanine builds up in the blood, leading to symptoms such as vomiting, rashes, seizures, growth deficiency, and severe mental retardation. An early diagnosis and a diet restricting phenylalanine intake...
Metabolic States of the Body: The Postabsorptive State01:18

Metabolic States of the Body: The Postabsorptive State

The postabsorptive state usually starts about four hours after a meal and lasts until the next meal is eaten. During this time, the digestive system stops absorbing nutrients, and the body uses stored energy reserves to maintain stable blood glucose levels.
Initially, glycogen stored in the liver is broken down to release glucose into the bloodstream, while glycogen in the muscles is broken down to supply glucose for energy directly within the muscle cells. As glycogen stores diminish,...

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Optimized Analysis of DNA Methylation and Gene Expression from Small, Anatomically-defined Areas of the Brain
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Early life nutrition and metabolic programming.

Denise S Fernandez-Twinn1, Susan E Ozanne

  • 1Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Sciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom. df220@cam.ac.uk

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
|November 13, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Early life environment significantly influences adult metabolic disease risk. This review explores epidemiological and animal studies on developmental programming, molecular mechanisms, and potential interventions for metabolic health.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Metabolic disease research
  • Environmental health

Background:

  • Growing evidence links early life environmental factors to adult metabolic disease.
  • Factors include intrauterine conditions (maternal nutrition, oxygen, toxins, infection), placental function, and early postnatal environment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review epidemiological evidence for metabolic disease programming.
  • To overview animal models of metabolic phenotypic outcomes.
  • To discuss molecular mechanisms and intervention strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological studies on metabolic disease.
  • Analysis of animal models investigating metabolic outcomes.
  • Synthesis of research on molecular mechanisms and interventions.

Main Results:

  • Significant epidemiological data supports early life programming of metabolic disease.
  • Animal models demonstrate various metabolic phenotypic outcomes influenced by early environment.
  • Evidence for proposed molecular mechanisms and intervention potential is discussed.

Conclusions:

  • The early environment plays a critical role in the development of adult metabolic disease.
  • Understanding molecular mechanisms is key to developing effective interventions.
  • Further research into developmental programming can inform public health strategies.