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Goiter

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...

The Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

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Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter

Published on: September 20, 2024

Histopathological evaluation of recurrent goiter.

J Rudnicki¹, A K Agrawal, M Jelen

¹Department of Minimally Invasive Surgery and Proctology, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland. jrudnicki@op.pl

Folia Histochemica Et Cytobiologica

|November 13, 2010

Summary

Recurrent goiter, the regrowth of thyroid tissue after surgery, may stem from different histopathological findings between the first and second operations. Genetic factors in thyroid cells also contribute to this regrowth.

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Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Surgical Pathology

Background:

Recurrent goiter is thyroid tissue regrowth post-thyroidectomy.
Inadequate surgery, insufficient hormone replacement, or abnormal growth stimulation can cause recurrence.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the relationship between histopathological findings from initial and repeat thyroid surgeries and goiter recurrence.

Main Methods:

Comparative analysis of histopathology from 30 patients (29 women, 1 man) undergoing repeat thyroidectomy.
Mean follow-up time to recurrence was 15 years.

Main Results:

Struma nodosa was the most common histopathological finding in both first and second operations.
Different histopathological findings were observed in 63.4% of cases between primary and secondary thyroidectomy.
Genetic analysis suggested recurrent nodules arise from high-growth-potential cells, not residual nodules from the first surgery.

Conclusions:

Histopathological differences between initial and repeat surgeries are common in recurrent goiter.
Thyroid tissue regrowth is influenced by factors beyond surgical technique and postoperative hormone therapy, including cellular growth potential.