Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Seed Structure and Early Development of the Sporophyte

Seed Structure and Early Development of the Sporophyte

Seed structures are composed of a protective seed coat surrounding a plant embryo, and a food store for the developing embryo. The embryo contains the precursor tissues for leaves, stem, and roots. The endosperm and cotyledons—seed leaves—act as the food reserves for the growing embryo.

The Angiosperm Life Cycle

The Angiosperm Life Cycle

Plants have a life cycle split between two multicellular stages: a haploid stage—with cells containing one set of chromosomes—and a diploid stage—with cells containing two sets of chromosomes. The haploid stage is the gamete-producing gametophyte, and the diploid stage is the spore-producing sporophyte.

Introduction to Seed Plants

Introduction to Seed Plants

Most plants are seed plants—characterized by seeds, pollen, and reduced gametophytes. Seed plants include gymnosperms and angiosperms.

Cleavage and Blastulation

Cleavage and Blastulation

After a large-single-celled zygote is produced via fertilization, the process of cleavage occurs while zygotes travel through the uterine tube. Cleavage is a mitotic cell division that does not result in growth. With each round of successive cell division, daughter cells get increasingly smaller.

Zygotic Development And Stem Cell Formation

Zygotic Development And Stem Cell Formation

The development of all multicellular organisms starts with the fusion of haploid cells called sperm and egg to form a diploid zygote. A zygote is a totipotent cell that can develop into a complete organism. The zygote undergoes cell division or cleavage to form an 8-cell mass. Until this stage, the cells are spherical, loosely attached, and remain totipotent. Totipotent cells are capable of developing both the embryonic and the extraembryonic tissues. However, as they continue to divide, they...

Seedless Vascular Plants

Seedless Vascular Plants

Seedless Vascular Plants Were the First Tall Plants on Earth

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Immature fruit abscission is triggered by hormonal changes in the seed coat of avocado.

Journal of experimental botany·2026

Same author

Cellular level lipidomics of two-dimensional cultures of adherent gut epithelial cell lines confirms a metabolic switch.

The Analyst·2026

Same author

The nutritional quality and safety of edible insects <sup>_</sup> ten years on.

Food chemistry·2026

Same author

Frequency and Severity of Allergic Reactions to Non-Mandatory Labelled Allergenic Foods-Data From Two Large European Cohorts.

Allergy·2026

Same author

APTES: a high-throughput deep learning-based Arabidopsis phenotypic trait estimation system for individual leaves and siliques.

aBIOTECH·2025

Same author

Mass spectrometry imaging of lipids in a gut epithelial cell model.

The Analyst·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Preparation of Intact Tissue for Microscopic Analysis of the Endosperm Cell Layer in Developing and Mature Arabidopsis Seeds

Preparation of Intact Tissue for Microscopic Analysis of the Endosperm Cell Layer in Developing and Mature Arabidopsis Seeds

Published on: May 16, 2025

Endosperm development in Brachypodium distachyon.

Magdalena Opanowicz¹, Philip Hands, Donna Betts

¹Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.

Journal of Experimental Botany

|November 13, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Grain development in Brachypodium distachyon, a model grass, reveals unique endosperm features. This study maps Brachypodium grain development, comparing it to wheat and other cereals.

More Related Videos

Protocols for Obtaining Zygotic and Somatic Embryos for Studying the Regulation of Early Embryo Development in the Model Legume Medicago truncatula

Protocols for Obtaining Zygotic and Somatic Embryos for Studying the Regulation of Early Embryo Development in the Model Legume Medicago truncatula

Published on: June 9, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Preparation of Intact Tissue for Microscopic Analysis of the Endosperm Cell Layer in Developing and Mature Arabidopsis Seeds

Preparation of Intact Tissue for Microscopic Analysis of the Endosperm Cell Layer in Developing and Mature Arabidopsis Seeds

Published on: May 16, 2025

Protocols for Obtaining Zygotic and Somatic Embryos for Studying the Regulation of Early Embryo Development in the Model Legume Medicago truncatula

Protocols for Obtaining Zygotic and Somatic Embryos for Studying the Regulation of Early Embryo Development in the Model Legume Medicago truncatula

Published on: June 9, 2015

Area of Science:

Plant biology
Developmental biology
Evolutionary biology

Background:

Grain development in grasses is crucial for food security but poorly understood.
Brachypodium distachyon is a potential model organism for temperate small grain cereals.
Limited knowledge exists on Brachypodium endosperm development and its comparison to domesticated cereals.

Purpose of the Study:

To construct a cellular and molecular map of developing Brachypodium endosperm.
To provide a detailed description of grain development in Brachypodium (Bd21 strain).
To compare Brachypodium grain development with that of wheat and other cereals.

Main Methods:

Cellular mapping of Brachypodium endosperm domains.
Molecular analysis of endosperm development.
Comparative analysis of grain development across different grass species.

Main Results:

Detailed cellular and molecular map of Brachypodium endosperm development.
Brachypodium aleurone lacks regional differentiation seen in wheat.
Prominent cell walls in Brachypodium central endosperm and nucellar epidermis, with composition similar to barley and oats.

Conclusions:

Brachypodium grain development shares similarities with temperate cereals but exhibits significant differences.
Regional aleurone differentiation may be specific to a subset of cereals.
Cell wall composition suggests unique storage roles in Brachypodium, reflecting its phylogenetic position.