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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...
Arteries of the Upper Limbs01:12

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
Spinal Nerves: Plexus II01:21

Spinal Nerves: Plexus II

The plexuses of the lower body include the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses, which innervate the abdomen, pelvis, legs, and coccygeal region. These plexuses control the transmission of sensory information and coordinate motor functions of the lower body.
The Lumbar Plexus
The lumbar plexus is situated within the lumbar region of the back and is primarily formed by the first four lumbar spinal nerves (L1 to L4). This plexus extends its branches into several nerves, including the...
Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Development of a Neonatal Rat Model for Brachial Plexus Birth Injury
09:42

Development of a Neonatal Rat Model for Brachial Plexus Birth Injury

Published on: March 27, 2026

Brachial plexus and nerves about the shoulder.

Carlo Martinoli1, Nicola Gandolfo, Maribel Miguel Perez

  • 1Cattedra di Radiologia-DISC, Università di Genova, Largo Rosanna Benzi 8, Genoa, Italy. carlo.martinoli@libero.it

Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology
|November 13, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Ultrasound (US) and MR imaging are effective tools for diagnosing brachial plexus injuries and other nerve disorders. These imaging techniques help pinpoint lesions and guide treatment when other methods are inconclusive.

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Methods for In Vivo Biomechanical Testing on Brachial Plexus in Neonatal Piglets
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Methods for In Vivo Biomechanical Testing on Brachial Plexus in Neonatal Piglets

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Development of a Neonatal Rat Model for Brachial Plexus Birth Injury
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Published on: March 27, 2026

Methods for In Vivo Biomechanical Testing on Brachial Plexus in Neonatal Piglets
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Methods for In Vivo Biomechanical Testing on Brachial Plexus in Neonatal Piglets

Published on: December 19, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Radiology
  • Neurology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Brachial plexus disorders often present with nonspecific electrophysiological and physical findings.
  • Accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective management of brachial plexus injuries and neuropathies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of the current knowledge regarding imaging assessment of the brachial plexus.
  • To discuss the utility of MR imaging and US in diagnosing various brachial plexopathies and related neuropathies.

Main Methods:

  • Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging utilizes high-end gradient technology, phased array coils, and specific pulse sequences.
  • Ultrasound (US) employs careful scanning techniques based on anatomical landmarks.
  • Imaging is performed in conjunction with postural maneuvers for thoracic outlet syndrome assessment.

Main Results:

  • MR imaging and US can detect deep brachial plexus anatomy and localize pathological lesions.
  • US is a valuable alternative to MR imaging for extraspinal nerve assessment, lesion identification, and injury confirmation.
  • Both modalities are effective in diagnosing traumatic and nontraumatic brachial plexopathies, including compressive, neoplastic, and inflammatory conditions.

Conclusions:

  • MR imaging and US are essential for evaluating brachial plexus disorders, distinguishing intrinsic from extrinsic lesions, and assessing nerve involvement.
  • These imaging techniques are crucial for diagnosing a wide spectrum of brachial plexopathies and neuropathies of the shoulder girdle.
  • Imaging, particularly with US and MR, plays a significant role in the comprehensive assessment and management of brachial plexus conditions.