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Related Concept Videos

Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
Overview of the Skull01:08

Overview of the Skull

The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...
Cranial and Spinal Meninges01:19

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cranial Meninges
These meningeal layers cover the cranium. The dura mater is the outermost layer of cranial meninges. It is a thick and durable membrane of dense...
Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...
Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy and Pineal Biopsy from a Single Entry Point
03:13

Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy and Pineal Biopsy from a Single Entry Point

Published on: June 28, 2024

PNET/ESFT of the cranial vault: a case report.

M Mellai1, V Caldera, A Comino

  • 1Neuro-bio-oncology Center, Policlinico di Monza Foundation, University of Turin (Vercelli), U.O. Neurochirurgia, Cuneo, Italy.

Clinical Neuropathology
|November 16, 2010
PubMed
Summary

This study describes a rare cranial vault tumor, a peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET), in an elderly patient. Diagnosis involved histology and genetic testing, highlighting its distinction from similar tumors for appropriate treatment.

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Electroporation of Craniofacial Mesenchyme
07:23

Electroporation of Craniofacial Mesenchyme

Published on: November 28, 2011

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Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy and Pineal Biopsy from a Single Entry Point
03:13

Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy and Pineal Biopsy from a Single Entry Point

Published on: June 28, 2024

Electroporation of Craniofacial Mesenchyme
07:23

Electroporation of Craniofacial Mesenchyme

Published on: November 28, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Neuro-oncology
  • Surgical Pathology

Background:

  • Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors (pPNETs) are rare, typically occurring in younger individuals.
  • Dura-based cranial vault tumors can mimic meningiomas, complicating diagnosis.

Observation:

  • A 56-year-old woman presented with a cranial vault mass and neurological deficits.
  • Histopathology revealed a PNET with characteristic features including small cell proliferation, necrosis, and specific immunophenotypes (Vimentin, CD99).
  • Genetic analysis confirmed the EWS/FLI1 fusion transcript associated with the t(11;22) translocation.

Findings:

  • The patient, the oldest reported case, had a dura-based pPNET mimicking meningioma.
  • Immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR were crucial for accurate diagnosis.
  • Distinguishing pPNETs from central PNETs (cPNETs) is vital due to differing prognoses and chemotherapeutic regimens.

Implications:

  • This case expands the known age range for cranial vault pPNETs.
  • Highlights the importance of considering pPNETs in the differential diagnosis of meningioma-like cranial masses.
  • Accurate diagnosis is essential for guiding appropriate chemotherapy and improving patient outcomes.